Migration-Types, Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Migration

Migration is the act of people relocating from one location to another with the intention of establishing a permanent or semi-permanent residence outside of a political boundary. For instance, seasonal movers include farmers and laborers who live in semi-permanent housing. Involuntary migration, often known as forced or coerced migration, is when people are moved against their will. The first human groups moved from their East African beginnings to their current location in the world during the course of human history, beginning with migrations. Interregional, intra-continental, and transcontinental migration are all possible. Rural to urban migration, which refers to people who move from the countryside to cities in pursuit of opportunities, is the most prevalent migration trend in today's globe. The contrast between pre-migration employment and employment at destination is shown in the figure below.

Comparison of migration occupation and its destination, http://slideplayer.com/slide/6534684/

Types of Migrations

• Internal Migration in Nepal
  • In Nepal, migration is one of the key factors in population redistribution. People go from rural to rural and from rural to urban areas in pursuit of employment and educational possibilities. In order to survive, people have also been compelled to relocate from their birthplace to another site due to natural disasters like floods and landslides. People who have been internally displaced are still in severe condition and need immediate rescue and assistance. Internal migration has a variety of causes, including poverty, unequal income distribution, unemployment, difficult work conditions, and unsafe and hazardous food.
• International Migration in Nepal
  • People from Nepal have been moving abroad in recent years in search of employment in different parts of the world. As various Nepalese citizens leave their country in quest of overseas employment, regulators and other stakeholders face new difficulties in controlling the migration cycle and ensuring the rights and welfare of Nepalese citizens. This report is an essential step in assisting governmental organizations and other stakeholders in developing efficient regulatory frameworks and offering various support services that safeguard and improve the welfare of migrant workers. Five pieces make up the report on this migration. The first and second parts cover the type and extent as well as the socioeconomic and political circumstances that have an impact on the patterns of labor migration throughout Nepalese history. The third component defines the different laws, regulations and structural factors which regulate labor migration for overseas job. The fourth section displays statistical patterns of various sexes who migrated from Nepal during the course of the previous six fiscal years (2008/09-2013/14) and includes data on geographic origins, destinations, skill levels, grievances, fatalities, remittances, and other factors. The government has developed a program to improve the international migration process, and it is described in the report's final section along with recommendations for strengthening the system to ensure that migrant workers receive acceptable pay and that their rights and well-being are protected.

Trends of Migrations

• Push Factors
  • Push factors come in a variety of shapes. These causes can sometimes force people to leave their home country or region. Government instability, ongoing strikes and business closures, an atmosphere where investments are made without regard for others, and other variables are the causes of the migration of pull factors. Migration is a result of people's economic situations and financial difficulties. According to the International Labor Organization, 100 million women and men have left their native countries in quest of better career and lifestyle possibilities for the benefit of their families. For a large portion of the population, employment are not created in some nations. In other cases, the differences in the labor rewards are enough to justify the change. Due to a confluence of these reasons, Nepal is currently experiencing this issue as a result of an increase in emigration.
• Pull Factors
  • Push forces force people to leave their countries or homeland, whereas pull factors determine their final destination. More migrants are drawn to some receiving countries due to their advantages than to those with disadvantages. As an illustration, consider the pull factors that draw immigrants to the receiving nations. Higher wages and a higher standard of living. The driving force behind the push and pull factors for skilled migrants is economics. People who relocate to the most developed nations will discover that they may now earn more money overseas for the same profession they used to do at home. They must be cognizant of the fact that migrants are placed in nations where their advantages are greatest. In contrast to Korea, where even government officers in Nepal receive barely half as much pay, the Korean government pays Nepali workers a basic income of Rs. 60,000 per month. The main incentive to relocate abroad is therefore higher pay.

Opportunities of Migration

Young migrants are resourceful, resilient, adaptable to new situations, and have the capacity to acquire and speak several languages. The majority of migrants have solid credentials and abilities, and they are able to work with cutting-edge technologies. As previously mentioned, some people use migration as a means of escaping issues like poverty, violence, gender inequality, or the effects of climatic change. Most people view migration as a necessary step toward providing a level of living for themselves and their families. In nations where migrants and young migrants receive equitable treatment and opportunities to contribute as active citizens of their communities as employees, students, entrepreneurs, artists, and consumers. Young migrant women and men can enhance their skills through education and/or work experience and will generate the ability to earn higher wages, allowing them to support their families and contribute to the development of their communities and the societies in which they live and work. When migration is viewed as a productive and empowering experience in the country and develops new opportunities. Young women might gain decision-making skills and enjoy greater personal autonomy by migrating; they can gain social experience as remittance recipients, breadwinners, or students in a new nation. Every nation can benefit from the vitality, inclination for creativity, and familiarity with new technology that can be enhanced and developed by an environment that respects human rights concepts and standards. This supports the revitalization of national economies. The human resources and development potential in any place where they were born and to the country where they migrate are defined by the young and mobile.

Challenges for the Migration

Young migrants under the age of 18 who are in irregular situations and suffer threats of exploitation, trafficking, exclusion, detection, incarceration, and deportation confront particular difficulties. Girls and young women who migrate frequently experience human rights breaches such underage marriage, sexual exploitation, assault, and unpaid work. Despite possessing greater educational or skills-training qualifications, many young migrants suffer deskilling and unstable employment in so-called 3-D jobs (dirty, dangerous, and humiliating). Young people may also lose their social networks during the migration process and may not have parents or other family members nearby to offer support and assistance. Young migrants are particularly susceptible to the isolation, exclusion, and instability associated with migrating experiences because of their age and developmental stage. Due to lack of agency in the local language, new and different cultural norms, and limited knowledge about the rules and regulations in their new country, they may be disproportionately affected by xenophobia and discrimination, and they may also suffer further marginalization. Young migrants must realize their rights without inequality or discrimination, including the right to work, family life, education, health, and involvement in decision-making and community life, in order to overcome these risks and improve their development potential and contributions in their country of origin and destination.

References

Flippo, Edwin B. Personnel Management. London: Oxford Press, 1980.

Gynwal, Ram Prasad. Know Nepal. Kathmandu: Bhundipuran Prakashan, 2012.

Hamilton, Francis B. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal. New Delhi: Manjushri Publishing House, 1971.

Heywood, Andrew. Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

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