Various Terminologies related to Labor

Subject: Midwifery II (Theory)

Overview

A pregnant lady might be referred to as a "gravida." A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a "nulligravida." A "primigravida" is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has previously been pregnant. A woman who has been pregnant more than once is known as a "multigravida" or "secundigravida." The number of >20-week births (including viable and non-viable; i.e., stillbirths) (>24) is referred to as parity. Pregnancies consisting of multiples, such as twins or triplets, count as one birth for the purpose of this notation.Expected date of delivery is calculated by adding nine calendar months and 7 days to first day of last menstrual period provided menes are regular and normal 28 days cycle. In obstetrics, the presentation of a fetus about to be born refers to which anatomical part of the fetus is leading, that is, is closest to the pelvic inlet of the birth canal. In obstetrics, a position is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, identified by the location of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the pelvis of the mother. The presenting part is defined as the part of the presentation that is felt by the examine finger through the cervical opening and overlies the internal os. The descent of the widest part of the fetus through the pelvic inlet is referred to as engagement.

Obstetric: Obstetric is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.

Amenorrhoea: Amenorrhea refers to the absence of a woman's menstrual period while she is in her reproductive years.

LMP (last menstrual period): The first day of bright red bleeding indicates the start date of a woman's most recent menstrual period.

EDD (expected date of delivery):The expected date of spontaneous onset of labor is the EDD. EDD is calculated by multiplying the first day of LMP by 9 calendar months and 7 days.

Gravida: Woman who is or has been pregnant.

Primigravida: Woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Multigravida: Woman who has been pregnant previously.

Grand multigravida: A woman who has had six or more previous pregnancy.

Para: The number of viable pregnancies, regardless of whether the infants were born alive.

Primipara: Woman who has given birth to one child past age of viability.

Multipara: Woman who has carried two or more pregnancy to viability.

Grand multipara: A woman who has given birth 5 or more times is called Grand multipara.

Nulligravida: Woman who has never been and is not currently pregnancy.

Gestation: Gestation is the period of time between conception and birth.

Gestational age: During pregnancy, gestational age is a common term used to describe how far along the pregnancy is. It is measured in weeks, beginning with the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle and ending with the current date. A normal pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks.

Viability: Fetal viability or foetal viability is the ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus.

Birth: After 20 weeks of gestation, a fetus is completely expelled or extracted from the mother. As previously stated, in the absence of accurate dating criteria, fetuses weighing 500 g are usually not considered births, but rather abortuses for vital statistics purposes.

Birth weight: The weight of a newborn is measured immediately after birth or as soon as feasible thereafter. It should be expressed using the nearest gram.ter birth.

Stillbirth or fetal death: The lack of signs of life before or after birth.

Presentation: The part of the fetus that occupies the uterus's lower pole.

Presenting part: The presenting part is defined as the part of the presentation that is felt by the examining finger through the cervical orifice and overlies the internal os.

Position: It is the relationship of the denominator to the pelvic quadrants.

Lie: The lie refers to the connection of the fetus's long axis to the long axis of the centralized uterus or maternal spine, with the most common lie (99.5%) being longitudinal.

Engagement: The head is said to be engaged when the largest horizontal plane, the biparietal, has passed the plane of the pelvic brim.

Denominator: It is an arbitrary bony fixed point on the presenting part that corresponds to the different quadrants of the maternal pelvis.

Attitude: The attitude of the fetus refers to the relationship of the various parts of the fetus to one another. Flexion is the universal attitude.

OS: Opening (cervix)

Moulding: The extent to which the fetal skull bone overlaps is referred to as moulding.

Suture: Sutures are fibrous joints that can only be found in the skull. Sutures allow for a small amount of movement, which contributes to the skull's compliance and elasticity.

Labor: Labor refers to the series of events that occur in the genital organs in an attempt to expel the viable products of conception (fetus, placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord) from the uterus through the vagina into the outside world.

Delivery: It is the extraction or expulsion of a viable fetus from the womb.

Natal: Of or concerning birth.

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Things to remember
  • A pregnant lady might be referred to as a "gravida."
  • A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a "nulligravida."
  • A "primigravida" is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has previously been pregnant.
  • A woman who has been pregnant more than once is known as a "multigravida" or "secundigravida."
  • The number of >20-week births (including viable and non-viable; i.e., stillbirths) (>24) is referred to as parity. Multiple births, such as twins or triplets, count as one birth for the purposes of this notation.
  • If menes are regular and normal 28-day cycles, the expected date of delivery is calculated by adding nine calendar months and seven days to the first day of the last menstrual period.
  • The presentation of a fetus about to be born in obstetrics refers to whatever anatomical component of the fetus is leading, or is closest to the pelvic inlet of the birth canal.
  • A position in obstetrics is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, as determined by the placement of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the mother's pelvis.
  • The presenting part is defined as the part of the presentation that is felt by the examine finger through the cervical opening and overlies the internal os.
  • The descent of the widest part of the fetus through the pelvic inlet is referred to as engagement.
Questions and Answers

The widest portion of the fetus passes through the pelvic inlet during engagement. In nulliparous women, this typically happens two to three weeks prior to labor, and in multiparous women, it can happen at any time before or after the start of labor.

Presentation

The anatomical portion of the fetus that is leading, or that is closest to the pelvic inlet of the birth canal, is referred to in obstetrics as the presentation of a fetus about to be born. This is classified as a cephalic, breech, or shoulder presentation, according to the leading section. Any presentation that isn't a vertex presentation is a malpresentation (with the top of the head first).

The various presentations are as follows:

  • Cephalic presentation (head first),
  • Vertex (crown) — the most common and associated with the fewest complications,
  • Sinciput (forehead),
  • Row (eyebrows),
  • Face,
  • Chin,
  • Breech presentation(buttocks or feet first):
  • Complete breech,
  • Footling breech,
  • Frank breech,
  • Shoulder presentation:
  • Arm,
  • Shoulder,
  • Trunk.

Position

A position in obstetrics is the orientation of the fetus in the womb and is determined by where the presenting part of the fetus is in relation to the mother's pelvis. As the fetus adopts several attitudes and postures throughout the period of childbirth, it is customarily the position the fetus occupies before the process of birth.

In Vertex Presentation:

  • Left occiput anterior (LOA)- occiput, as against the buttocks, is close to the vagina (hence known as vertex presentation) faces anteriorly (forward with the mother standing) and towards left. This is the most common position and lie.
  • Right occiput anterior( ROA)- occiput faces anteriorly and towards right. Less common than LOA, but not associated with labor complications.
  • Left occiput posterior (LOP)- occiput faces posteriorly (behind) and towards left.
  • Right occiput posterior (ROP)- occiput faces posteriorly and towards right.
  • Occipitoanterior- occiput faces anteriorly (absolutely straight without any turning to any of the sides).
  • Occipitoposterior- occiput faces posteriorly (absolutely straight without any turning to any of the sides).
  • Left occiput transverse (LOT)- occiput faces left.
  • Right occiput transverse (ROT)- occiput faces right.

Expected Date of Delivery

If your cycle is a regular 28-day cycle, you can calculate this by adding nine calendar months and seven days to the first day of your last menstrual period. If the cycle is longer, extra days beyond 28 are added for the calculation of EDD. This is known as Naegele's Rule.

Gestational Age

The last regular menstrual period (LMP) of the woman, or the comparable age as determined by other means, is the origin of the gestational age (or menstrual age), a measurement of the age of a pregnancy. These techniques involve obstetric ultrasound or adding 14 days to a known number of days after conception (as is achievable with in vitro fertilization). Menstrual cycles are almost always noticed, but there is typically no easy way to determine when fertilization took place, which is why this definition of gestational age is so popular.

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