Classification Of Operating System

• Batch operating system:
  • A single program operating system is the batch operating system. Processing is completed beginning to end in this kind of operating system without user input. The jobs must be grouped together in a predetermined order with the instructions required to process them. Earlier batch operating systems were unprogrammed, meaning that only one job was stored into main memory. As a result, the next job could only be executed once the current job was finished.
• Spooling batch system:
  • The earliest multiprogramming system is the spooling batch system. A spooling batch system was created since the stacked task batch system had an issue where the CPU would sit idle for a long time because it was quicker than the input and output devices. One benefit of the spooling batch system was that the output from jobs was available right away rather than waiting until all of the jobs in the current cycle were complete. A networked printer can receive jobs from multiple users at once. The system buffer received a copy of these jobs. The spooler program handles this procedure.
• Multiprogramming system:
  • Multiprogramming is the apparent execution of two or more programs simultaneously. Because the processor can be given to another program whilst one program is waiting on input or output, this method effectively utilizes precious processor time. The operating system's responsibility is to increase throughput while making sure that all tasks are finished within an acceptable amount of time. Windows, Mac, Linux, etc., as examples.
• Multi-user system:
  • Time sharing system is another name for a multiuser system. According to the definition of a multiuser operating system, it is a system that enables two or more users to interact with the computer at once, each using a terminal. Similar to multiprogramming, each program receives a brief period of processor time. The computer's operating system allots RAM to each user in turn allocating time to each user according to how much RAM they are using. Each user feels that the computer is working exclusively for them because of how rapidly it runs. Mac, Linux, and Windows, for instance.
• Multitasking operating system:
  • It is the kind of operating system that enables a computer to carry out multiple tasks concurrently, although they are all carried out sequentially by a single CPU thanks to time sharing. Similar to multiprogramming, the CPU switches between jobs while only one program is actually running at any given time. In reality, tasks are broken down into smaller subtasks (processes). Reduced execution time is one reason why multitasking is preferable to multiprogramming. Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix, etc. are a few examples.
• Embedded operating system:
  • They are the internal, self-contained operating system of the gadget. They are not operating systems with a general purpose. They live there permanently. They are frequently utilized in industrial products, autos, and household goods.
• Multithreading:
  • A process is a program that is currently running. Multiple sub-processors can be added to a process. Threads are the name given to these subprocessors. An operating system with many threads can partition the process into threads and then run those threads. This speeds up operations but also makes things more complicated. For instance, UNIX, Linux server edition, and Windows.
• Network operating system:
  • When several computers are linked together in a network, a network operating system is necessary. In order to safeguard the programs and data kept on the network, the operating system manages who logs in by using usernames and passwords. Additionally, it renders the network invisible to the user, enabling any user with the necessary access privileges to use software stored on the network file server and to save data on the file server as well as locally attached hard drives or floppy disks.
• Distributed operating system:
  • It is the kind of operating system where users can have transparent access to the system resources (processors, disk storage, and printer) that are located in separate network nodes. As a result, in a distributed system, a user may appear to be working at the terminal in front of them while actually performing work elsewhere on the machine. A distributed operating system controls a collection of separate computers while making them seem like a single unit. Distributed computing originated with the invention of networked computers that could connect and communicate with one another. Multiple machines are used to perform distributed computations.
• Multiprocessing operating system:
  • An operating system known as a "multiprocessing operating system" runs on a computer with many processors that all share some or all of the same memory. These operating systems run multiple jobs at once because there are multiple processors available. In multiprocessing, a process may really be broken out into sequential chunks, with one process controlling database access, another controlling analysis, and a third controlling graphical output to the screen. A multiprocessing operating system is one like UNIX.
• Real-time system:
  • All facets of life use real-time systems. The following are typical real-time system examples:
  • Airline and Railway reservation system.
  • Banking system
  • Multimedia system

Reference

Ghishing, Er.Ashim. Computer Science. Kathmandu, Nepal: Benchmark , 2008.