Political Environment, Structure and Political Parties

Political Environment

Politics is the practice and theory of influencing individual level, which includes promoting one's own political beliefs, negotiating with other political subjects, passing laws, and using force. It derives from the Greek word politikos, which means "of, for, or relating to citizens."

The term "political environment" refers to a system of political variables, governmental operations, including institutions and laws, as well as the public and private stakeholders who operate and shape that system. It also includes political culture, which represents opinions on how governments ought to treat their constituents. Business managers watch politics to determine how the government's actions will affect their organization.

Economic System is determined by political system

• Market economy: Supply and demand, as well as a price system, determine what kind of product is produced in what quantities.
• Mixed economy
• State-Directed economy
• Command economy

Political Structure

Constitution

It is a legal document that serves as a blueprint (model or layout) for the government of the state. It lays out the guiding principles, institutional power, and establishes restrictions on how that power may be used by a given body of politics. Nepal is going through a period of transition right now, one marked by significant political changes. Nepal still does not have a lengthy constitutional past. However, a number of constitutional exercises were carried out throughout the nation before the 2006 people's movement. The primary objective of creating a thriving, contemporary Nepal was articulated in the historic people's movement of 2006. A comprehensive Peace Accord (an agreement between parties in controversy) was signed on November 21, 2006, to accomplish the certainty of a sovereignty of the Nepalese people, progressive political outlet, democratic restructuring of the state and socio-cultural transformation through the Constituent Assembly.

• The parties agreed to ask the UN for help in observing how both sides handle their armies and arsenals by deploying qualified UN civilian staff to keep an eye on all of the Maoists' weapons and ammunition in accordance with international standards.
• The 2007 Interim Constitution of Nepal was put into effect, and the eight-party consensus was used to agree on the shared minimum programs.
• The date of November 20, 2007, for the elections for the Constituent Assembly was announced. However, the seven-party coalition opted to delay the elections until a later decision on October 5, 2007.
• The first constitutional election was held on Chaitra 28, 2064, to address caste and division issues.
• In order to address issues involving Dalits, women, Adhibasi, Madhesis, oppressed, disregarded, and minority people, among others, the parties now vowed to abolish the current centralized and unitary state system and reconstruct it into an inclusive, federal-democratic parliamentary system.
• The 2070 Constitutional Assembly was adjourned on Jestha 14, 2070.
• The Interim Constitution of Nepal, which was promulgated on Mangsir 4 of 2070, guarantees the fundamental civic and political rights of the people, establishes an elected government answerable to the parliament, and states that "the source of the independent and independent of sovereign Nepal's sovereign authority is inherent in the people."

Salient features of Interim Constitution which are the directive principles of the state enumerated by the Interim Constitution 2007 are as follows:

• By developing a just system in all spheres of national life and advancing welfare circumstances based on open society ideals.
• On the basis of justice, morality, and harmony, a healthy social life is established and developed among all castes and tribes.
• representation of women, Dalits, Madhesis, and residents of underdeveloped regions in the Constitutional Assembly elections.
• Decentralization, increased public participation in national governance, and general welfare promotion are all necessary to maintain and advance human rights.

Policies to be adopted by state by the Interim Constitution in 2007 are mentioned below:

• Emphasis on raising the level of living of individuals in different geographic areas through employment, education, housing, and health.
• Conservation of the environment, including plants, animals, and forests.
• It will be ensured that women from all demographic categories, including Dalits, Madhesis, Janjaties, ethnic communities, and individuals from all socioeconomic strata and groups, participate equally in the development of the nation.
• Protects children's rights and interests, and makes progressive provisions for their free education.
• Promotion of the interests of the socially, economically, and economically marginalized groups by creating particular arrangements for their employment, health, and education.
• By actively taking part in rural development and by setting up the necessary conditions for it to proceed more quickly.
• Through social justice and equitable distributions, making use of the national economic and other resources in the interest of the nation.

Constituent Assembly

The Interim Constituent, which was enacted in January 2007, created a 330-seat Interim Parliament and gave the Prime Minister the King's administrative authority. An elected 601-seat Constituent Assembly later took its place.

After two postponements in 2007, the first-ever elections for the Constituent Assembly of Nepal were ultimately held on April 10, 2008. With 240 seats up for direct election from constituencies, 335 seats up for proportional representation based on the vote totals of the parties, and 26 seats reserved for deserving individuals to be nominated by the cabinet, a mixed electoral system was established. The multi-ethnic population constituent Assembly was given two years to develop a constitution that addresses Nepal's demands.

The constituent assembly is an interim body responsible for both acting as a legislature and writing or masking new constitution.

Political Parties

Among the external variables, the political environment is the most potent, difficult, and influential. The agreement of the various political powers is what gives rise to or produces the political system (parties and social factors).

Political parties are the foundation of the nation's political system in a multiparty setting. Political parties play a critical role in the creation of democratic policies. Following the People's Movement in 2006, a number of political parties appeared as a result of the country's political environment. The number of parties has now surpassed 100, and in Nepal, the practice of splitting and merging is becoming more commonplace every day.Among the 139 political parties, 76 are brand-new ones that didn't exist in the 2008 California election. It is impossible to undervalue their potential for helping the country. All of the major parties in democratic politics, as well as smaller ones, generally suffer to varied degrees from their failure to completely embrace the political culture necessary in it. In Nepal, internal factionalism, the loss of ideology, and a decline in public interest continue to be the key tendencies in political parties.

References:

• https://evilgaurav.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/lesson-2-political-environment.pptx
• www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/28nov2006.htm
• Pant, Prem R.Business Environment in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributors, 2009.