Local Government

Local government is referred to as the type of government closest to the people at the "local level" and is recognized by the constitution as practicing local democracy. The village, municipality, and district assemblies constituted in conformity with the constitution are referred to as the "local level" in this context. There are 753 local levels in Nepal, according to the government. Which states that there are 6743 wards in total, 6 metropolitan areas, 11 sub-metropolitan areas, 276 municipalities, and 460 rural municipalities.

Characteristics of Local Government:

• Certain geographic region,
• Granted legal independence for economic, political, and administrative rights,
• Make sure the public is included in the decision-making process,
• Ensuring that the public participates in the creation of laws and policies without the Central Government's direct involvement,
• System of government aimed at the local populace,
• The goal of central government will be realized because of how well the service flows work.
• It is a kind of government that promotes cooperative relationships rather than one that opposes the federal authority.

Importance of Local Government:

As the need for meaningful engagement of the populace in the governance process has come to be established, the significance of local government has grown. By remaining close to the populace, local government upholds the presence of the government. Because the local government is still in place and plays a more significant role in the governance system, the government will continue to function effectively in the real world. The provision of authority to local entities is necessary to enable the central government's political, economic, and administrative rights since the right of the citizen is to receive public service from the closest units of the people.

• The central government's workload is lessened as a result.
• Collaboration between the public, business, nonprofit, and community sectors in local governing processes.
• Local issues are effectively resolved on a local level.
• The local resource can operate effectively as a result of this.
• Public participation mobilization in the governing system Effective democracy is practiced there at the local level.
• Local levels are where leadership is developed.
• The system of inclusive government is upheld.
• Ensures that people have the right to rapid service.
• The respect for public opinion and decision-making.
• Affection of the populace for the political system.

List of Local Level Power (According to Schedule 8 of the constitution):

• Town officers
• Cooperative businesses
• F.M. Local taxes (wealth tax, rent tax, land and building registration fee, automobile tax), service charge, fee, tourism fee, advertisement tax, business tax, land tax (land revenue), penalty, entertainment tax, and land
• Revenue collection
• Control over local services
• Gathering of local data and records
• Development projects and plans at the local level
• Secondary and elementary education
• Basic sanitation and health
• Managing local markets, preserving the environment, and preserving biodiversity
• Local, rural, agricultural, and irrigation roads
• Administration of local courts, mediation, arbitration, and the village assembly, the municipal assembly, and the district assembly
• Local recordkeeping
• Distributing certificates of ownership for real estate and homes
• Cooperatives, management of agroproducts, animal health, and agriculture and animal husbandry
• Management of elderly people, those with impairments, and the mentally ill
• Collection of unemployment statistics
• Agri-extension management, operation, and control
• Mall hydropower projects, alternative energy, and water supplies
• Disaster preparedness
• Protection of mining, minerals, animals, and watersheds
• Safeguarding and advancing languages, cultures, and the beautiful arts

Coordination between federation state and local level

• The federal parliament will enact the required laws to preserve collaboration between the federal, state, and local levels.
• If a political disagreement emerges, the Provincial Assembly can mediate it by working with the relevant village, municipality, and district coordination committees in order to ensure coordination between the province, the municipality, and the rural municipality.

Village Executive /Gaunpalika

• Formation:
  Because of the constitution, the village now has some judicial, legislative, financial, and executive rights. The Chairman of the Village Council is provided for in Article 215 of the Constitution. According to the constitution, each Village Body must have a Chairperson of Village Executive who simultaneously serves as the head of the village assembly. He or she will serve as the chairperson of the Village Executive. One Vice-Chairperson, one Ward Chairperson elected from each ward, and two members chosen from among the village executive members in accordance with clause make up the Village Executive (222). Nepal now has 460 rural municipalities.
  The voters who reside within the concerned Village Body area shall elect the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson by secret ballots under the first-past-the-post electoral system, with each voter having one vote. The voters who reside in the affected ward also elect the ward chairperson using the same procedure. To be eligible for election to the positions of Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson, and Member, a person must meet the following criteria:
  • Being a resident of Nepal,
  • Turning 21 years old,
  • Having your name on the village body's electoral rolls,
  • Not being barred from voting by any laws.
    The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson, and Member's terms of office are for five years from the date of election. A candidate for the Village Body may not be someone who has served as the Chairperson for two consecutive terms. If the Chairperson tenders his or her resignation in writing to the Vice-Chairperson, if the Vice-Chairperson tenders resignation before the Chairperson, if the Chairperson's term of office expires, or if the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson dies, the office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Ward Chairperson, or member shall become vacant. If a vacancy occurs while the Chairperson's or Vice-Chairperson's term of office is still in effect for more than a year, a by-election must be held to fill the position.
•  Strengths and functions:
  On the basis of the various sections of the constitution and the list of rights reserved for the local level in Schedule 8, the rights and duties of the villagers can be summarized as follows:
  • Executive functions: According to the constitution and other regulations, it is the duty of the villagers to guide, control, and run the local government. The creation, operation, management, and regulation of the city police can be carried out by the village executive in order to ensure village security and to carry out the policies, laws, and decisions of the village government. The Village Executive shall carry out the administrative duties of the Village Body.
  • Legislative work: There is a village assembly in every village. The residents' legal rights are still present. The chairman and vice president of the village executive, the president of each ward, four members elected from each ward, and two village executive members chosen from the Dalit and minority communities make up the village council. The village assembly's official chairperson and vice-chairperson are the chairperson and vice-chairperson of the village executive. Its five-year term begins on the election day. Within six months following the end of the current term, another village assembly election must be held. In its exclusive jurisdiction, the Village Assembly may pass laws based on Schedule 8 of the Constitution and Schedule 9 of partnership with the federation and the province.
  • Financial Functions: According to the constitution, the village executive has the authority to enact local laws and levy local taxes (wealth tax, house rent tax, land and building registration fee, motor vehicle tax), service charges, fees, tourism taxes, advertising taxes, business taxes, land taxes (land revenue), fines, entertainment taxes, land revenue collection, parking fees, herbs, plow taxes, and livestock taxes, among other levies. Service fees are levied from the infrastructure or service that is operated or managed by itself, such as a cable car, a hiking trail, or other service area. The village executive works on the construction and development in its own area using the financial resources mobilized from various sectors, in addition to the financial resources obtained from the federal or state governments. The observation and supervision of cooperatives also falls within the jurisdiction of the village executive.
  • Judicial functions: A three-member judicial committee will be coordinated by its vice-chairperson in accordance with the provisions of Article 217 of the constitution to resolve issues under their separate authorities. The Village Assembly members choose the other two members of this committee from among themselves. In the name of the village executive, this body carries out judicial functions. On a majority vote, the committee makes decisions. According to the constitution, the village executive is in charge of overseeing the local courts, peacemaking, and mediation. The Judicial Committee has been given authority to resolve conflicts and bring parties together by the Local Government Operation Act, 2074.

    • The judicial committee has the authority to give verdict in the following matters:

      • Using and distributing canel, dam, wells, or water taps,
      • Crop damage to others',
      • Grass, trees, and grazing land
      • Paying no wages
      • Domestic animals that have been lost or found,
      • Caring for the elderly,
      • Minor children or spouses are not permitted to eat or receive an education in a dignified manner.
      • Up to Rs. 25 lakh in annual housing rent, or house rent assistance,
      • Planting trees on someone else's land, home, or property
      • Drain water from his house or wallace and place it on someone else's house, land, or public street.
      • If the required amount of land was not left when constructing a home with a window facing the land of a neighbor,
      • Dedicated or blocked by any right or ownership of any person, which has been used in public for a long time, such as a road, a cattle route, a livestock grazing area, ponds, canals, ponds, Pati, Pauwa, funeral homes, churches, or any other public area.
      • Other disputes that fall under the local ambit of federal or provincial law.

    • In the following matters, the Judicial Committee shall have the authority to resolve the dispute only through reconciliation:

      • Another is encroaching on one's property, which does not belong to the government, the public, or the community.
      • Build a home or other structure on property that is not owned by the government, the public, or the community,
      • Separation of spouses,
      • Beating with a maximum sentence of one year in prison, excluding for actual harm,
      • Humiliation,
      • Looting,
      • Animals that have been mistreated, abandoned, or carelessly kept
      • Illegal entry into another person's home,
      • The right to occupy territory that others have already occupied and exploited,
      • The effects on others of noise, pollution, or the dumping of rubbish,
      • Other civil liberties cases that were filed in accordance with the law at the time, as well as criminal cases that could result in a year in jail.
• Works of Local Service and Development:
  The village executive can oversee the provision of the services required by residents in the area. It offers the service of issuing land and housing ownership certificates. It is capable of managing projects and development at the local level. The village executive also oversees local level highways, rural roads, agricultural roads, irrigation works, etc. It also works on local projects for alternative energy, small hydropower projects, and drinking water.
• Information Communication and Statistics Functions:
  According to the constitution, the village executive is in charge of managing FM operations, gathering local data and records, managing local records, and keeping track of unemployment rates, among other things. The village executive has the authority and duty to carry out these duties in their jurisdiction.
  Education, health, and social security-related duties: According to the constitution, the village executive is responsible for basic and secondary education, language preservation and development, culture and fine arts, basic health and sanitation, senior citizen and disability management, as well as social security.
• Functions related to agriculture, livestock and agricultural dissemination:
  The village executive is responsible for managing agriculture and livestock, agricultural productivity, animal health, cooperatives, management and control of agricultural distribution, etc., in accordance with the constitution.
• Miscellaneous Functions:
  In addition to the aforementioned duties, the village executive also manages the local market, protects the environment and biodiversity, manages disasters, and protects the watershed, wildlife, mines, and minerals.
• Functions according to Schedule 9: A list of universal rights at the federal, state, and local levels can be found in Schedule 9, Rights List. It has already been said that.

The village executive shares the powers listed in these lists with the state and the federal governments. The village executive cannot execute these rights without the approval of the higher level, according to the guiding principle. According to the rules it has adopted, the village executive's duties will be divided.

Municipality

According to article 295 of sub-article 3 of the Nepalese Constitution, the Government of Nepal's suggestions are used to determine the size and boundaries of the municipality. The population, location, administrative accessibility, state of infrastructure development, economic viability, availability of natural resources, linguistic, cultural, and community structures should all be taken into consideration when doing this. The Government of Nepal has the authority to define the boundaries and the number of wards in the municipality under the Local Government Operations Act, 2074. As a result, the municipality has a minimum of nine and a maximum of 35 wards. There are currently 276 municipalities, 6 metropolitan cities, and 11 sub-metropolitan cities.

The municipality has a mayor, a deputy mayor, a ward chairperson, and four council members for each ward. The Chairperson and members are chosen by the voters in their respective wards, while the Mayor and Deputy Mayor are chosen by the municipality's voters.

Classification of Municipalities:

Upon consultation with the relevant local level and state government, the Government of Nepal may designate the local level as a municipality, sub-metropolitan, or metropolitan provided the necessary criteria and amenities are met. The population of adjacent areas, accessible resources, and amenities serve as the fundamental tenets of this classification.

Municipality:

• Population: Ten thousand permanent residents are required in the Himalayan district, forty thousand in the hilly district, fifty thousand in the inner Terai district, seventy-five thousand in the Terai district, and at least one lakh in the Kathmandu Valley for a district to be considered a municipality.
• Resources and Facilities: The following resources and facilities must be available for a municipality to exist:
  • The average household income over the previous five years should have been at least Rs. 1 crore in the Himalayan area and Rs. 300 million in other districts.
  • Roads, sidewalks, power, running water, communication, and other essential urban amenities ought to be available.
  • Wards' waste management, proper management of the land field site, open space, and parks and gardens,
  • A hospital with at least 25 beds is required, as well as restrooms, drinking water, and a bus park with passenger restrooms.
  • It is necessary to prepare services for banks and other financial institutions, public buildings and convention centers, markets, slaughterhouses, cremation/burial grounds, playgrounds, and city master plans.

Sub-Metropolitan City:

• Population: A sub-metropolitan city must have at least two lakhs of residents who live there permanently.
• Resources and Facilities: The following resources and amenities are necessary for a sub-metropolitan area to qualify.:
  • The last five years' average annual internal income must be at least 25 crores,
  • At least one hospital with a 100-bed facility, as well as at least two hospitals with 200 beds,
  • There are garbage processing and management systems, convention centers, stadiums at the national level, gyms, and Cobardhall. water, power, and communication services,
  • The town's main thoroughfares, parks, and city hall will all be paved.
  • Access to higher education, technical training, and lodging at resorts and hotels of a certain standard should be available.
  • Physical accessibility for people with disabilities is required in public areas and buildings, as well as in other municipally designated infrastructure.

Metropolitan:

• Population: A metropolitan area needs to have at least five lakhs permanent residents to qualify.
• Resources and Facilities: The following amenities and resources must be accessible for a city to qualify as a metropolitan area:
  • Over the previous five years, the average yearly internal income was at least one billion rupees.
  • Abundant parking spaces, a subway, and sidewalks, a bus park
  • At least 75% of the total length of the road must be paved, and public transportation options for the disabled must be provided.
  • Up to postgraduate level study institutions, locations for international trade shows and conferences, museums, technical schools, and stadiums for international sporting events,
  • Easy access to traffic at international airports, facilities at foreign hotels,
  • Hospitals with specialized services, hospitals with at least 500 beds, including one with at least 100 beds, vegetable and fruit markets, retail centers,

Formation:

In accordance with Article 116 of the Nepali Constitution, there is only one Mayor each municipality (city chief). Under his or her chairmanship, a city executive is constituted. According to the first past the post electoral system, the voters who reside within the relevant Municipal area shall elect the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor by secret ballot on a one person, one vote basis. The members of the Municipal Executive shall also include three members elected by the Municipal Assembly from the Dalit or minority communities, and five women members elected by the members of the Municipal Assembly from among themselves, all of whom must be qualified no later than fifteen days following the announcement of the election results for the Municipal Assembly.

• A person who has the following qualification shall be qualified to be elected to the office of the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson and member:
  • Being a citizen of Nepal,
  • Having completed the age of twenty one years,
  • Having a name on the municipal electoral rolls, and d. not being barred from voting by any legal provisions.

The Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson, and Member each have a five-year term in office starting on the day they were elected. A legal requirement exists to hold a new election two months before the current one ends. A candidate for the mayoralty who has been elected to the position of chief twice is ineligible to run.

• In any of the following situations, the positions of Head, Deputy Chief, Ward Chairman and Member are vacant:
  • If the Chief resigns in writing to the Deputy Chief and the Deputy Chief resigns with the Chief,
  • If his term expires,
  • If he dies.

If there is more than one year of vacant post of Chief or Deputy Chief, there is a provision to fill the vacancy for the rest of the term by the by-election.

Strengths and functions:

The powers and functions of the municipality can be mentioned under the following subtitles:

• Executive functions:
  Municipalities are in charge of directing, controlling, and running the governmental system within their boundaries, according to the Constitution and other regulations. In order to secure the city and carry out local policies, regulations, and decisions, it establishes, runs, manages, and regulates the city police. The municipality's name indicates that it performs executive duties.
  Schedule 8 of the Nepalese Constitution specifies that the municipality alone is responsible for carrying out the executive duties. In addition to these rights, the municipality also carries out the duties listed in schedule 9's shared list in collaboration with the federation and the state, subject to federation and state law.

• Administrative Functions:
  There is one municipal assembly each municipality. This municipal assembly is where the municipality's administrative power resides, as stated in Article 223 of the Constitution. The Mayor and Deputy Mayor of the Municipal Executive, Ward Chairpersons, four members elected from each Ward, and members of the Municipal Executive chosen from Dalit or minority communities make up the Municipal Assembly.
  The ex-officio president and vice president of the municipal assembly are the head and deputy head of the local executive. Its five-year term begins on the election day. Within six months of the term's conclusion, the village assembly should be held once more.
  In its exclusive jurisdiction and on Schedule 9 issues where it may collaborate with the Federation and the State, the Municipal Assembly may enact laws in accordance with Schedule 8 of the Constitution. The state's laws govern how such laws are made and how they are implemented.
• Judicial Functions:
  In order to resolve conflicts within its purview, the municipality may set up a three-member judicial committee working under the vice president's supervision. In the name of the municipality, this committee carries out judicial duties. The committee uses a majority vote to make decisions. The Judicial Committee has the authority to resolve conflicts and bring parties together under the Local Government Operations Act of 2074.
  (As stated in the judicial function of the village executive, the judicial committee has the right to adjudicate and the right to settle disputes only through reconciliation.
• Financial Functions:
  The municipality drafts laws and collects local taxes, service duty fees, tourism fees, advertising taxes, company taxes, land revenue, fines, entertainment taxes, etc. in accordance with the constitution. This covers things like restoration costs, parking fees, taxes on livestock, medicinal herbs, and service fees, among other things. Only services offered within its boundaries, such as cable cars, hiking, and kayaking, as well as infrastructure and services it has built, run, or managed itself, are subject to service fees.
  They work for the development of various sectors in addition to the financial aid they receive from the federal and provincial governments. Its role includes keeping an eye on the cooperatives.
• Local Services and Development Works:
  The local government can oversee the provision of the services required by residents. Additionally, it offers the land and housing ownership certificates. Additionally, it is effective for irrigation projects, rural and agricultural roads, and local level roads. It also focuses on local projects for alternative energy, minor hydropower projects, and drinking water.
• Information Communication and Statistics Work:
  The Constitution outlines the municipality's responsibilities for managing local archives, collecting unemployment data, collecting local statistics, and operating FM.
• Function Related to Education, Health and Social Security:
  The municipality is responsible for basic education, secondary education, language, culture, basic health, basic sanitation, senior citizens, fine arts, people with disabilities, and the disabled, according to the constitution.
• Functions Related to Agriculture, Livestock and Agricultural Dissemination:
  Agribusiness and animal husbandry, agricultural production management, animal health, co-operative, management of agricultural spread, management, and control are all functions of the municipality as stated in the constitution.
• Miscellaneous Functions:
  In addition to the aforementioned duties, the municipality is also responsible for managing the local market, protecting the environment, managing reservoirs for biodiversity, wildlife, mines, and minerals, and protecting the city police.
• Functions according to Schedule 9: The federation, state, and local functions (Schedule 9 of the Constitution) have already been touched upon.

The municipality shares the rights on those lists with the state and the federal governments. Theoretically, a municipality can only exercise this right with the highest level's consent. The municipality is divided up and runs according to the regulations it has adopted.

District Assembly and District Coordination Committee

Formation:

It is not a different level, just a body for coordination. A district assembly coordinates between the village executive and municipalities within the district, in accordance with Article 220 of the constitution. The members of the District Assembly are the chair and vice chair of the village executives as well as the chief and deputy chief of the district's city executive. Within 30 days on the date of the results of the elections for the Village Assembly and the City Assembly, the District Assembly should hold its first meeting. The District Coordination Committee is chosen by the District Assembly and consists of a maximum of nine members, including one chief, one deputy chief, at least three women, and one Dalit or member of a minority group. All duties that must be carried out by the District Assembly are handled by the District Coordination Committee. Candidates for the positions of Chief, Deputy Chief, or Member of the District Coordination Committee must be Members of a Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly located within the relevant district. The position of Member of the Village Assembly or of the Municipal Assembly will become vacant if the electee is elected to the position of Chief, Deputy Chief, or Member of the District Coordination Committee. the Chief's and Deputy Chief's terms of office. The Chief, Deputy Chief, and members of the District Coordination Committee have five years from the date of their election to serve in office. The office of the Chief, Deputy Chief and member of the District Coordination Committee shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:

• If the Chief tenders his or her resignation in writing before the Deputy Chief and before the Deputy Chief or any member,
• If they pass away, their tenure of office expires.

The State legislation shall apply to all provisions pertaining to the District Assembly's behavior, the accommodations for its members, and any other items pertaining to the District Assembly.

Powers and functions:

The District Assembly shall have the following responsibilities, authority, and powers:

• To facilitate collaboration between the district's Municipalities and Village Bodies,
• To keep an eye on building and development projects and ensure that they are balanced,
• To coordinate efforts between the Federal and State Government offices, as well as the Village Bodies and Municipalities in the district,
• To carry out additional duties as specified by State law.

In addition to the above functions, the District Assembly also performs the following functions mentioned in the Local Government Operations Act, 2074:

• To engage in the necessary coordination to recognize and address developmental challenges within the municipality or village executive within the district,
• Provide the necessary advice or tips to maintain the area or community, subject area, and environmental balance in relation to the return of such programs. Prepare the specifics of the development and development programs run by the government and non-governmental sectors within the district. Monitor the effectiveness and management of such programs.
• To work in concert with the provinces and associations to strengthen the district's municipalities and village executives;
• To coordinate and facilitate the resolution of any dispute between the municipality and any federal, state, or local government offices that are located in the district
• Coordinating with NGOs and the private sector to maintain balance in development and construction work within the district,
• Recommending that the Ministry, the Ministry of the State Government, and the concerned municipalities and rural municipalities look into local level issues and maintain balance in development-related activities by conducting studies, research, and monitoring of the activities related to development and construction within the district
• Within two months of the end of each fiscal year, submit a report on their activities to the Ministry of the State Government so that it can investigate local level issues.
• The district's Member of Parliament should be invited to represent the district in the Federal Parliament and the State Assembly, and an annual review program should be organized at least once a year to ensure the district's development is successful.
• To perform other functions specified by the Government of Nepal or the State Government. The District Assembly works in the name of the District Coordination Committee.

District Co-ordination Officer:

The District Coordination Officer has been chosen to serve as the District Assembly's head of administration. Any civil service employee may be assigned to this position by the Nepali government. The District Coordination Officer has the following responsibilities according to the Local Government Operations Act of 2074.

• Serve as the district assembly's and the district coordination committee's secretary,
• To carry out the District Coordination Committee's decision,
• To facilitate communication between the district-based offices of the union and state governments,
• Maintaining the District Assembly's financial records, conducting an audit, creating a proposal, and submitting it to the District Coordination Committee preserving, maintaining, and modernizing the District Assembly's permanent and mobile property
• Convene the District Coordination Committee meeting as directed by the Head of the District Coordination Committee, take minutes of the meeting, confirm the minutes, and complete any necessary follow-up work.
• To create the procurement strategy that will be used by the District Assembly,
• To carry out any additional duties imposed upon you by the district assembly, district coordination committee, or district coordination committee head.

With the appointment of the District Coordination Officer in place of the former local development officer, the District Coordination Committee has replaced the District Development Committee. The District Coordination Officer's function has shrunk in addition to the District Coordination Committee's constrained authority.

The Roles and Responsibilities of the Federal, State and Local Governments in the Healthcare Delivery System

The development and expansion of health systems based on social justice and sound governance for citizens of all classes is the objective of the federal structure in order to guarantee access to and consumption of high-quality services.

According to Nepal's constitution, the local level is presumed to be the first point of service delivery while the state level is designated as the primary site of development and the federal government is charged with developing and carrying out policies, regulations, and large-scale projects. In accordance with the Government of Nepal (Division of Work) Rules, 2074, the Federal Ministries' primary responsibility is to formulate and assess regulations and policies. Prior to the federal system's implementation, it is necessary to categorize the government of Nepal's operations by the federal, state, and local levels in accordance with the constitution. While many programs will be transferred, some of the current programs and projects will continue to be carried out.

For the management of the resources required at the state and municipal levels, the constitution calls for the transfer of funds from the Federal Consolidated Fund and the distribution of revenue from the Federal Dividend Fund and the State Reserve Fund. In the past, the center has transferred funds it has collected to municipal and state governments. Additionally, it is possible to transfer financial assets from the federation to support state and local needs. The federal government must make the following mandatory payments: the principle and interest on loans, security costs, social security programs, staff liability, expenditures for reserve funds, management of the source and completion of national pride projects. There is a provision for the state and local level to mobilize their internal resources and carry out the tasks that are within their own list of rights in addition to the financial transfers and revenue distribution received by the federal government.

According to Nepal's constitution, everyone has a right to receive free basic health services from the government, and nobody should be denied access to emergency medical care. Every person has the right to information on their medical care. Access to healthcare services must be equal for all citizens. Every citizen has the right to access sanitary facilities and clean drinking water. In addition, the work responsibilities of the federal, state, and local levels are divided as follows in accordance with the criteria for classification and distribution of development programs and projects.

• Operated by the Federation
  • Health and population research, coordination, measurement, and regulation
  • Specialized Regional Hospital and Specialized Health Service
  • Hospital operations and regulations are determined by national standard and distinct act or procedure.
  • Vaccines, medications, tools, hospital and lab-related standards, and regulations
  • Health protection
  • Controlling epidemics and the epidemic
  • Survey and status analysis of migration.
• Operated at the state level
  • Ayurvedic hospitals, as well as regional, subregional, zonal, and district
  • Hospitals
  • Use of vaccines, medications, and equipment
  • Coordination of local levels of healthcare
  • Management of demographic data at the regional level, capacity building, and research.
• Operated locally
  • Primary healthcare
  • Running and overseeing hospitals, clinics, and health posts
  • Programs for various disease control, public awareness, promotion, and therapeutic measures.

Similar to this, in accordance with Article 11 of the Local Government Regulation Act of 2074, the village executives and municipalities shall have the following roles and responsibilities in relation to fundamental health and sanitation:

• Policies, rules, standards, creation of plans, execution, and control in the areas of fundamental health and hygiene and nutrition,
• Operation and promotion of nutrition, reproductive, and basic health services,
• Construction and management of hospitals and other healthcare facilities,
• Development and administration of healthcare-related physical infrastructure,
• Controlling and regulating noise pollution, providing access to clean water for drinking, the quality of food being consumed, raising awareness of cleanliness, and managing waste in a healthy way,
• Health-related waste collection, recycling, processing, excretion, and disposal, as well as assessment and control of service fees,
• Local and urban health care operations, as well as blood transfusion services,
• Operate, approve, oversee, and control pharmacies,
• Coordination, collaboration, and partnerships with the private and nonprofit sectors in the sanitation and health sectors for waste management,
• Conduct, approve, oversee, and control services for family planning and maternal welfare, 12. Prevention and management of female and pediatric malnutrition.