Definition of Socialization and Social Behavior

Socialization

Meaning

In social studies, socialization is a crucial and useful concept. In the process of socialization, it is known as fact who a person is, what kind of behaviors and attitudes they exhibit, and how their development occurred in society. It is important to research that person's society and culture. The socialization process is linked to modern culture and society and how it affects people.

Socialization is the process of learning. He or she is born into a community, develops there, and passes away there. Up until the moment of death, s/he continues to learn from others in the individual, society, community, and institution. A newborn is not a human being at birth, but the closeness of society and its norms enable that creature to become a social being. The man engages in a variety of social activities as part of the socialization process with the aid of his learning capacity, mental language, and culture. Therefore, socialization is the process by which young children pick up information, gain experiences, and develop a variety of skills necessary to fit into a specific community. He or she learns social customs, values, pastimes, and ways to uphold social relationships during this period.

Every society has its own distinctive traits, rules, beliefs, and assumptions as well as its own religion, cultural traditions, and languages. Every person begins their socializing process within here. Different socialization processes emerge during childhood, adolescence, and old age. Although an elderly person and a toddler participate in socialization in different ways, the processes of learning and receiving seem to be similar.

Socialization is, in essence, a process of lifelong learning. He or she picks up cultural norms, language, and other things. Socialization is examined in terms of both how people learn and how they should conduct themselves in society. A person can live a perfect life with socialization if they are aware of what to do and what not to do in their family, community, and society.

Definition of Socialization

• "The process as on account of how a new process is added to the group and becomes an adult capable of meeting the traditional expectations of his society for a person of his sex and age."

-J. Whiting

• "Socialization consists of the complex processes of interaction through which the individual learns the habits, skills, beliefs and standard of judgement that are necessary for his effective participation in social group and community."

Lundberg

• "Socialization is a type of learning which enables every individual to bear social responsibility."

Johnson

• "Socialization is the process of adopting social norms and values by a person in his way of living."

Talcott Parsons

• "Socialization is the process in which real human nature is transformed into human behavior. It is transformed from one person to another as well."

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Mazumdar

Colleen's sociological dictionary states that socialization is crucial for social life and society as a whole.

Socialization is a component of social life in a social system. It also underlines how socialization teaches newly born infants about social culture and tradition in a similar ways to how a porter gives raw clay form. In terms of how S/he adopts and lives by social norms and values, language and culture are equally significant. The intelligent use of the brain that results in socialization, civilization, and self-culture makes humans more powerful than other creatures. He establishes the social traits. Beyond society and culture, humans cannot learn.

Characteristics of Socialization

• Socialization is a method of teaching or learning behavior. He or she picks up life lessons about ideology and adaptability from family, friends, and other family members as well as from society, education, and relationships.
• Socialization and learning are lifelong processes. Every person learns at every age and stage. 3. From one generation to the next, from one person to another, and from one community to another, socialization changes.
• The socialization process varies depending on the time and civilization.
• Learning in socialization involves both the characteristics of life and the prevalent social culture.
• Through socialization, a person transitions from a biological to a social state.
• Assimilation of culture and tradition is what it is.
• The process of socialization is important and ongoing. It has to do with the adjustment situation.
• No one can become social without socialization.
• It is a worldwide procedure.
• In the process of socialization, the role of family and neighbors goes beyond expectations.
• In the process of socialization among the various agents, the impact of the family and the neighbor is greater.
• Identity and status are determined by a person's self-development, I, me, and mine. He wants to know his place in society, how to act, and what his responsibilities are. Only formal and informal institutions can make it possible.

Social Behavior

The relationship that one person has with another, as well as their attitudes and behaviors, are all examples of social conduct. Different behavior is required. Marriage, baptism, birthdays, and other social and religious events are among the activities in human life that are defined under the Social Behavior Improvement Act of 203.

Whatever social behaviors, rites and rituals, traditions, and other practices are created and put into practice for the management and effective operation of society. Every person learns social behavior, follows them, and adapts to the society as part of the socialization process from an early age. Social norms and values are the customary laws and rules that society accepts. These standards and ideals are observed in society as social laws. As a result of the harmful traditions that exist in our society, we must only adhere to the positive ones while actively working to eradicate any negative customs that negatively impact social interactions. An individual and society are led in the correct direction by good social traditions. Social norms are used in society to measure human activity. The foundation for gauging a person's activity is whether or not they carry out their regular activities in accordance with social norms. Every member of society is treated equally by a civilized citizen. Inequality in behavior and treatment leads to conflict and disagreement among society's participants. The prevalent and current social behaviors are listed.

• Should love the juniors and respect the seniors.
• To heed the guidance and advice supplied by the family's elders.
• To participate in communal celebrations of holidays and rituals.
• To share emotions during social rituals like weddings, baptisms, rice-feeding ceremonies, etc.
• To support and take part in social ceremonies and rituals.
• To maintain and engage in the sanitation program
• In public spaces like a tap, a street, or a place of worship, wait your turn.
• To assist the physically disabled, orphans, elderly, underprivileged, and people with disabilities, etc.
• To treat everyone with courtesy.
• To assist those who are in need.
• Courtesy toward parents, teachers, and visitors
• To place more emphasis on group welfare than individual welfare.
• To adhere to one's own culture and traditions.
• To rationally utilize local products and services.
• Avoid letting foreign cultures affect you and defend your own art, culture, and public property.
• To protect and responsibly utilize our natural and cultural heritages.

Agents of Socialization

Socialization is the learning process so it is necessary to involve different agents. A person learns various things in the attachment of another and through support are called agents of socialization. The agents of socialization are classified into two groups based on their nature. The first one is primary and informal agents and the second is secondary and formal agents.

Primary and Informal Agency

Various other organizations or subsidiaries are found to be involved in this kind of agency. Here, the most significant are mentioned.

• Family
  • The social institution that forms society is the family. The most significant and initial socialization agent is the family. Families make significant efforts to socialize newborns and help them develop into capable individuals. It aids in a person's personality development. Family members are taught how to speak, develop eating habits, social behavior, social norms and values, language, and rules and regulations informally. The family is affected by a person's birth and death. The family is in charge of carrying out various social rituals, such as birthday celebrations, baptisms, rice-feeding ceremonies, marriages, and funeral rites. An individual learns about love, affection, and social behavior from their family, which serves as their first classroom. In other words, the family teaches the child what to do and what not to do in society. In the family, a person has the chance to learn about numerous facets of society and culture. In addition, s/he is aware of how to celebrate holidays and understands the importance of family relationships, respect, roles, and responsibilities. Therefore, the first and unofficial socialization agent is the family.
• Peer Group and Neighborhood
  • Peer groups and neighbors are the second unofficial socialization facilitators. A person picks up various skills from them, such as social conduct, interest, and a competitive spirit, as well as communication, cooperation, and mutual support while playing. The same is true for knowing the style, behavior, activities, vision, and standard of life from a neighbor. As part of the socialization process, s/he picks up manners from the neighborhood and personal neighbors, including greeting, grouping for a good outcome, action and reaction, and maintaining relationships with others. Social interactions are the only way to learn social behavior.
• Kin Group
  • After a man and woman get married, a relationship evolves in accordance with social custom and tradition. Relationship development affects how people interact with one another, behave, and cooperate. Giving birth to their offerings is a married pair. As brothers, sisters, brothers, and sisters are added, the web of relationships grows. As time passes, they get married, have new relationships, and this cycle continues in society. In addition to marriage, relationships can be maintained through adoption of children and friendships. Regular communication and the keeping in touch process aid with socialization. It teaches proper family manners, greeting techniques, and lifestyle choices. He or she is aware of the relation, power, and responsibility. It teaches students to play their roles in relationships.
• Marriage
  • Marriage unites two individuals from separate families into one person who is a member of the same family. A cultural process, marriage. Marriage is a requirement for being a full guy. It grants societal approval. Birth results from sexual activity between them if they act as a couple and have a consensual understanding. In the course of socialization, both the husband and the wife begin to learn, become more capable of taking on responsibility, increase their level of intimacy, and pick up additional social behaviors. A person's status and role have changed after marriage.
• Socio-Cultural Practices
  • Religious and cultural customs, such as fairs, festivals, celebrations, and worship, have taught people how to assume responsibility, behave toward others in society, and play roles in society. These actions bring people closer together. Religious activities aid in one's beginning to think, form ideologies, and engage in social behavior.

Meeting with members of the community in formal and informal settings aids in socialization. Being self-educated makes one more sociable.

Secondary and Formal Agency:

To satisfy social needs, all institutions have a similar set of goals. Social behavior and actions as a whole make up social institutions. Social institutions do not have a formal structure or operating procedures. Various institutions have satisfied various types of societal needs. The process of socialization is aided by the existence of formal and informal institutions that regulate sociocultural practices.

• Educational Institution
  • In a school, one can learn a variety of things about science, literature, philosophy, and other topics. He or she is knowledgeable about numerous cultural structures, ideals, and theories. Knowledge of social functions is provided by educational institutions. It also aids in self-change for a person to read their biography. Education is important for becoming the ideal person. His or her position in society is shaped in part by their education.
• Political and Economic Institution
  • A person gains knowledge of the law, human rights, and political system through political institutions. They also learn political behavior, style, and responsibility. He or she is aware of how to make society better and recognizes civic duty. Similar to how educational institutions shape citizen behavior, so do economic organizations. Economic institutions inform people about economic activities and provide guidance on how to live a simple life. Political and economic institutions both have an impact on how people live their lives.
• Religious Institution
  • A person learns about religious institutions' ideologies and regulations. Religion and living are closely related, and religious activity, culture, and tradition have changed how people live. Every adherent of a certain religion abides by its rules and modifies them as necessary. The social practices of many religions differ greatly from one another. Religious ideologies differ as well.
• Media of Communication
  • People are easily informed about society thanks to the rapid development of communication tools and to their accessibility and universality. Through its influence on them, people transform themselves. People pick them up and adjust as a result.
• State
  • The state holds the highest authority. The state regulates people's actions, creates laws, enforces laws, and keeps an eye on how they behave toward the nation or state. The social, economic, political, and educational systems are assumed by the state. People ought to obey them. All citizen activities must adhere to the laws and regulations of the state.

They receive knowledge and suggestions from various visits, seminars, conferences, religious rites, rituals, public speaking, and information media, which also supervise, control, and guide them through the socialization process.

Through formal and informal agents, people of various ages learn social conduct, rules, and processes. They must be outgoing and take the reins of their lives in order to build their personalities. Such education raises people's standards of living. This shows that the environment in which a person grows and develops has an impact on how they socialize. Socialization is influenced by factors including psychology, age, attitude, and thinking. The interests, goals, and lifestyles of people have an impact on socialization.

Health Belief, Attitude and Practices Towards Illness and Treatment

People in Nepal adhere to their traditional culture, customs, and holidays as dictated by earlier cultures. Because people were illiterate and had little or no access to health education, they held the outdated belief that diseases were the result of divine punishment, the devil's fury, epidemics, starvation, mental illness, accidents, etc. In developing nations like Nepal, superstition, evils, and traditions are strongly believed.

People engage in a variety of religious practices, regular temple visits, and the use of vacas were all common in Nepalese culture to help people overcome such circumstances. People are more upbeat and think that god has magical power. They have a firm belief in the divine force. Therefore, medical professionals should be familiar with the physical state, their theories for treating sickness, and their procedures for offering the modern approach.

Health Related Belief

Faith is in belief. Neplese society has a deep-seated belief in god, ghosts, and evil eyes descending on youngsters. It is said that touching an infant or child by a sterile woman will harm the child. In rural areas, there is still a persistent belief that disease is the result of a curse, a past life, or poor work performance. People from many societies do not want health services and amenities because of cultural influences. To treat illnesses, they used to call Dhami-hankri. The methods used by Dhami-jhankri to treat disease include chanting mantras, forcing people to drink water laced with ash, worshipping snakes and using their effects as a mantra, among others. There are both positive and negative beliefs about caring for the sick.

Some Positive Beliefs

• People in rural areas keep sick people to themselves and think that only family members and close relatives can properly care for a sick person. It limits the risk of spreading an infection to others.
• People in both urban and rural areas have developed the idea of giving patients a balanced diet that is nutrient-dense. The patient's recovery time is shortened by this idea.

Health Related Attitude

Attitude is how something or someone is perceived. An individual's knowledge, experience, and beliefs all contribute to their attitude. The belief that having children is God's gift to mankind has led to a negative attitude toward family planning tools and techniques. People in a society have different attitudes on illness or any disease depending on their cultural background. For instance, the measles is caused by the curse of God, and ghosts or evil spirits are caused by mental illness. Similar to how leprosy is caused by past sin, sexual sickness is brought on by sexual activity between supposedly high caste and low caste. In addition to this mindset, people in society adopt superstitious ideas about health.

• In rural places, people have adopted the superstitious idea that an evil spirit will also influence someone who is caring for a sick person at night.
• Because leprosy and tuberculosis are the result of sins the patient did in a previous life, they are not taken seriously by the sufferer. So the patient lives a life of hatred.

Witch

• Witch is defined as a person who participates in harmful and damaging social behaviors. In our society, a widowed, impoverished, and helpless lady is accused of being a witch. But what really scares people psychologically is their imagination, lack of confidence, and lack of self-awareness. The health sector should play a significant role in society by raising knowledge among the populace in order to remove such misconceptions and superstitions around witches. Dhami-Jhankri was once used to heal witchcraft victims. They would chant mantras, play the dhangro, or use a plate to summon the witch spirit. If the witch does not leave the patient, they threaten to burn or make a symbol.

Practice for Health Care and Treatment

Both internationally and in Nepal, various techniques and technologies have been developed. When human civilization first emerged, those techniques were used and later improved. Numerous studies and investigations based on the human presence on this living planet have been conducted. Humans have made several sacrifices so they might live their lives in safety, meet their requirements, feel secure, and enjoy physical comfort. They researched the history of the world, the formation of the earth, the existence of animals, the mystery of human life, and other topics in order to look for such approaches. People were unaware of changes, natural disasters, and the extinction of creatures as a result of land slides, storms, earthquakes, hailstones, and other natural calamities or for any other reason since they were ignorant of the globe and solar system. Because humans are ignorant of the realities of biology, they are susceptible to illness, epidemics, physical discomfort, and human fatalities. Natural strength is prioritized over physical existence in the world. People believed that trouble, pain, and tragedy were caused by ghosts or the devil while natural processes that are for or against human welfare were attributed to god. People have a developed belief that God exists just to protect them from harm, difficulty, or disease. Diseases are caused in developed communities by physical imbalances in physical life and a belief that they may be healed naturally or physically. People nowadays are no longer restricted to the physical realm because they are aware of the social, mental, spiritual, and emotional facets of life. As a result, they experience various illnesses, suffering, accidents, and stress throughout their lives. People try with different approaches in the physical environment, their own experiences, social tradition, and ancestors' sayings to solve these issues.

In rural or village settings, people employed conventional and ad hoc methods to treat illness, whereas in urban settings, individuals use both conventional and allopathic treatments. In Nepal, several modern medical modalities are widely used, including allopathy, ayurveda, homeopathy, yuanani, yoga, natural methods, and the use of medicinal plants. Due to the high cost and negative side effects of the modern allopathic system, many continue to use traditional methods of therapy. The patient should receive psychological care rather than physical care. The patient is urged to take care of their illness. The patient is encouraged to self-treat due to their immunity and confidence. People still visit dhamis and jhankris rather than using modern medicine to treat illness. In Nepalese society, the conventional method of treating disease has been abandoned. Different approaches and procedures are employed to treat the illness. These techniques follow the principles of what are known as conventional health treatments. There are two sections to those techniques.

Traditional Treatment without Scientific Method

The traditional faith-based healthcare system in Nepal is a form of treatment that does not have any scientific backing. Disease is caused in this worldview by a vengeful ghost or devil, a dead soul, a witch, or by God. There is no other form of therapy used than mantra recitation, deity worship, or animal sacrifice. These techniques are grounded in belief and tantramantras. There is no scientific basis for it. Such a strategy has a psychological foundation. Natural remedies and medicinal herbs are used. The traditional approach to medical science, which has been used for centuries, is thought to be more effective at treating disease than the modern approach. The conventional medical system uses the following methods.

• Dhami
  • People in Nepal's alpine and terai regions rely on dhami to treat illness. They are perfect on mantras, empowered by God, given mantras by gurus, and supreme with celestial bodies inside of them. They have a peacock feather, a squirrel's throne, a dhangro fashioned from deer leather, and these things are all attached to them. God and goddess are also present in their bodies, according to Dhami. Dhamis can help patients with psychological issues. Both rural and urban residents still adhere to or attend dhamis to treat illness. They use mantras to treat illness. They treat illnesses caused by witchcraft and by the supreme power. Dhamis used to sacrifice a black he-goat as an atonement to the god in order to heal the patient.
• Jhankri
  • In Nepal's hilly regions, Jhankri has traditionally been used to treat illness. In accordance with legend, Mahadev blessed the Kuben family in the Dhorpatan village of the Dhaulagiri zone and blessed them with nine female children known as the Jaganami. Later, they learned the witch mantra and brought illness, difficulties, and problems. He was known as Jhankri, and Mahadev gave him a mantra to prohibit it from happening again. In the village of Halesi in the Khotang region, there is another myth regarding the origin of Jhankri. According to the story, a sickness spread and caused the deaths of several infants, kids, and teenagers. Three females were also sent to the village at the same time from Haleshowarmahadev's jungle, where they began to heal a chhetri man and were successful in treating him. The same guy later appeared as Jhankri, and he taught his offspring the chant to become Jhankri.
  • Jhankri claims that ghosts, dead souls, or witches are to blame for the development of sickness. Dead spirits or witches linger close to homes, yards, or inside with occupants and cause disease. Jhankris can identify a condition by looking at the patient's tongue, ear, eye, wrist, and general demeanor. They offer medical herbs for consumption, lotation, and different mantras. to construct a special mandav, dress differently depending on the patient's personality, utter mantras, beat dhangro and plates, and summon a witch or a dead soul from the patient's body. Then questions like "What is needed?" and "Why are you here?" are raised, and answers are given to satisfy their desires if not torment them by preaching and burning. Even while rural residents continue to beg on Jhankri to cure their illnesses out of faith, some have actually seen patients die. In the face of death, they bemoan their lot and give themselves advice.

Traditional Healer

Many Nepalese civilizations still practice treating patients in a traditional manner by using various mantras. They employ ash, fragrant sticks, brooms, and mantras to entice patients. They employ mantras to protect against other people's shadows or to combat dead souls. They learn about the patient's condition by using the wrist rate. They treat themselves using herbal remedies. Rural residents like healers because they offer affordable treatments. They employ various forms of treatment, including forcing patients to have diarrhoea to remove wastes from the body, using ash as an anti-body, and reciting mantras to comfort patients.

• Priest/Lama
  • Every ethnic group in Nepal has its own priest or lama, including the Brahmin, the Chhetri, the Sherpa, the Joshi, and the Newar. People used to summon their priest or lama to do religious or other activities. They send word to protect them from harm and adversity. People think they can heal minor illnesses.

Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA)

Women who assist in childbirth are expert caregivers for both the mother and the newborn. They have expertise and practical understanding in this area. They support labor and delivery as well as treat common issues related to mother and child health. They also advocate worshiping god and believe that snakes, ghosts, and god are the causes of illness. They care for patients in the system in a domestic manner, such as massaging a child's stomach with mustard oil, giving them food, and forbidding unhealthy foods.

People believe in any procedures or practices, regardless of whether they are true or not. These strategies are used frequently as long as people still believe in ghosts, witches, and other supernatural beings. The traditional approach and the patient's recovery are psychological approaches. It operates on the basis of faith. However, people at all levels should raise awareness and dispel the superstitious prejudice against conventional medical procedures. Every community must grow in self-assurance and conviction. Dhamis and jhankris should receive training on contemporary treatment techniques from the Nepali government and medical organizations. Dhami and Jhakri then refer the patients to the hospital for further care.

Traditional Scientific Treatment Methods The traditional scientific approach of treatment combines physical and natural methods of healing with scientific methods of treatment. Numerous Nepalese societies use traditional practices. Homeopathy, the allopathic system, and the antiquated ayurveda system are all included in this system. There are four different treatment systems.

• System of Ayurvedic Medicine
• System of homeopathy in medicine
• Allied Health Practices System
• System of Yunani Medicine (Published in the Nepal Gazette on September 7, 2054.)

Ayurvedic Medicine System

• By using a vedic method or approach, the average life can be extended. The ayurvedic medical system helps people live longer and healthier lives. There are four Vedic systems, and the Ahharveda is one of them, according to Hinduism. It is the source of the ayurvedic medical system. The elements of air, land, water, and fire make up everything. Vata, pitta, and kapha are all included in the tridosh theory. The Kaya Medicine System, Surgical System, Salakya System, Kaumar Death System, Aagadh System, Chemistry System, Classify, and Ghost Education System are the eight components of the Ayurvedic medical system.
• The technique by which vidhyas and kabiraj administer ayurveda medicinal treatments using the wrist pause, eye, tongue, cough, urine, and stool. For the purposes of ayurveda medicine therapy, a 50-bed hospital with regional, district, illika, and other ayurvedic health posts was created in Kathmandu close to Maitidevi and the Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital at Kritipur. Ayurvedic education ranges from high school graduation exams through master's degrees.

Homeopathy Medicine System

• In the past, the homeopathic system of medicine has been more common than ayurveda. This therapeutic approach is founded on the laws of similarity and least dose. Utilizing medicine in accordance with symptoms. In addition to using a stethoscope and a B.P. set, this system also uses the same method to determine the patient's symptoms by looking at their eyes, skin, tongue, blood, wrist pause, urine, and stool. The use of homeopathic medicine promotes building up one's resistance to illness.

Allopathic/Modern Medicine System

• This kind of treatment is founded on science; it examines the patient's medical history and laboratory tests before beginning an allopathic medical regimen. In Nepal, modern healthcare began to be provided around 1940 B.S. Since 1947 B.S., when Bir Hospital was founded, Nepal has been in a state of transition. However, in 2011, B.S., a modern health system was developed and the Ministry of Health was established. Health post, primary care, district hospitals, provincial hospitals, and central hospitals are all decentralized from the service, which offers services.