Meaning, Types and Characteristics of Governance

State

A politically unifying group. It is a particular kind of political structure. The state is the strongest, most complete, and most autonomous social entity. A state is a group of individuals who independently uphold the law for the inhabitants of a certain region. The strong had dominance over the weak during the period of gathering and scavenging before to the establishment of the state. Because there was no state or formal form of government, everyone was already free. The state notion and the beginning of the preliminary judgment system were both brought about by private property. The state is a collection of communities. A permanent, abstract, and sovereign institution is the state. The term "state" was created by Machiavelli for political science. Consequently, a state is a territorial community made up of residents who are united under a single governing body that, if not full authority, at least a very high level of it.

Essential Elements for State

• Certain territory
• People,
• Government,
• Sovereignty,  
• Recognition International

Governance

The English word "governance" derives from the Greek verb "kobernoo," which means "to guide or direct." Therefore, the mobilization and administration of the state's infrastructure, methods, and resources constitutes the etymological meaning of governance. It's thought that Plato was the first person to use the word "government" in a sentence.

"A method or system of government."- Webester's Dictionary

"The term 'governance' is the qualitative expression, a normative concept and different from government."- Dictionary of Public Administration

"Governance is the living body and head of the state."

The term "governance" refers to a method or procedure for running a state. The act of leading, directing, and controlling a group of people or a state was previously referred to as "governance." Having the authority to direct, coordinate, and inspire loyalty among a population was formerly referred to as governance. "Governance" refers to the process by which a ruler maintains control over their subjects, forces them to follow orders, and punishes them if they disobey the constitution and laws that the rulers enforce.

In the modern state system, governance refers to the democratic process by which the representatives chosen by the people work for the welfare of the public in accordance with the laws in effect. Therefore, the traditional definition of governance is the use of political authority or power for the benefit of the people or subjects under their jurisdiction.

Therefore, governance not only encompasses but also goes beyond the collective meaning of related concepts like acknowledging the supremacy of the people and their sovereignty, democratizing the state's power and system, respecting fundamental human rights, relying on multiple governing systems and their underlying presumptions, etc. Also emerging is a contemporary kind of government. The unitary, centralized, authoritarian style of rule has been superseded in modern times by loktantrik, various governance systems, participation of many in ruling, global governance, informal governance, corporate governance, and e-governance. Numerous nations have postmodern political structures.

Governance and government have always gone hand in hand. They are frequently used interchangeably in literary works. The phrases government and governance, however, not only have various word connotations, but they also have various definitions. Few people interested in governance come from the government; the majority come from civic society. This new use of the term emphasizes the function that networks serve in achieving the common good, whether they be intergovernmental, transnational, or international networks. In other words, governance is more than just government because it affects other industries. On the other hand, the term "government" designates a centralized power that manages its populace. It is a device designed to resemble a command and control system. On the other hand, governance is directly related to the notion of decentralization of authority, the formulation of policy, the effectiveness of their execution, and the need for cross-sectoral management. Governance is more closely related to the function of ruling than to the type of government. The four primary concepts of governance are command and control, administration, mobilization of people, and transfer of service.

Governance is "the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations, and mediate their differences," according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its 1997 policy paper.

Good Governance

The process of running a state as effectively as possible is called good governance. A system of service delivery that is efficient, founded on justice and peace, and safeguards individuals' civil freedoms and human rights is the aim of "good governance," a philosophy of government. Good governance is regarded as the equitable distribution and management of resources for maximum benefit. the program that attempts to assist and maintain integrated, sustainable, and holistic human development and modernize and manage the state's economic, political, and administrative powers. When official institutions fulfill their duties, it is an example of an effective, open, and accountable government. Furthermore, it deals with matters like equity, political savviness, information availability, a strong and competent public sector, etc. Regulating competent and corrupt-free administration and ensuring that their work is dependable, transparent, efficient, accountable, and responsive are the cornerstones of effective governance.

Government

A government is a body of individuals with the capacity to rule or the state's supreme power. Government In other words, it serves as an essential organizational tool for developing, advocating for, and carrying out governmental goals. In order to create a civilized and orderly society, government is an organizational framework that manages people of various religions, castes, races, and communities in accordance with their needs and goals. As the state grew, the idea of governance evolved to satisfy the needs of the populace.

According to political science, a state must possess five essential components: its government, its people, geography, sovereignty, governance, and recognition. People consider government to be the "will of the state." The government gives a state's abstract concept a concrete form.

In regards to what government is, there are two distinct schools of thought. Government is connected, in a limited sense, to the national executive, in whom the state's power is vested. The word "executive" is frequently used to describe government in everyday English.

In a broader sense, the term "government" refers to the coordinated arrangement of the executive, legislative branch, and judicial branch. The main legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the entire state as well as all other organizations required by the constitution are included in the definition of "government," which is expanded upon.

The government is the main tool for regulating state behavior. By performing important duties including making laws, carrying out efficient law enforcement, and delivering justice to those who are in need, the government maintains peace and stability in the nation. A larger concept of government is necessary in light of this. Therefore, it is important to consider the duties performed by the legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch—the three main divisions of the government—in order to ascertain the purpose of government.

The Government refers to:

• In a restricted sense, the government can be considered an executive over which the national executive power is invested.
• The coordinated organization of the executive, legislative branch, and judicial branch is referred to as "government" in a more general sense.
• The idea of government has always existed and is crucial to states.
• It is an organization that takes the initiative to assemble the extra agents needed to act as a state and exercise state authority.
• It is one of the crucial components needed for the founding of states.                                        

Structure of Governance

State, power, source, and responsibility should be distributed among various structures to regulate the governance system. Power, source, and responsibility structures can be categorized into two categories:

• Political Structure: The framework needed to create laws to control and run the state.
• Administrative Structure: The organization set up to carry out the politically formulated law.

Political Structure of Governance

According to the constitution, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal's primary organizational structure will consist of three levels: the Federation, the State, and the Local level. According to the Constitution and current legal framework of the nation, the Federation, State, and Local levels shall exercise the authority of the State of Nepal.

On the Basis of Structure of State

• Federal Governance Structure:
  The political system of government known as a federal governance structure divides the state's authority into two or more political units. In such a system, the legislative, executive branch, and judiciary each exercise state power. The term "federal ruling system" refers to the arrangement in which each state has an independent provincial government and the federal government and parliament are located in the same location.

  • With several states aspiring to a shared interest, a federation is born.
  • The obligations, roles, and borders of each state are expressly laid out in the constitution.
  • The duties of the central government include physical territory, international relations, and national security.
  • Each state is free to set its own rules for its judicial system.
  • Depending on their needs, different nations may have various systems.
  • The system is more complex than a unitary system from the management's point of view.
  • Examples of it include America, Switzerland, India, and others.
• Merits of Federal Governance:
  • The close ties and harmony that exist between the state and its citizens preserve unity despite variety.
  • Power and responsibilities of the national and municipal governments are clearly separated.
  • Because each state is independent, it fosters a sense of belonging and participation in the governing structures of various castes and communities.
  • Political awareness leads to a rise in public participation in governance.
  • Encourages balanced development
  • Appropriate for a large country
• Demerits of Federal Governance:
  • Risk of collapse under the guise of autonomy.
  • Very expensive kind of government.
  • Delay making a decision in an emergency.
  • Potential for internal conflict between the states/risk of civil war.
  • In the exercise of power, conflict may occur.
  • Dispute between the national and local governments.
• Unitary Governance Structure:
  • The central government has total authority over the nation, and the central administration runs everything.
  • Central law and directives form the foundation for the regulation of the governing system.
  • A country is divided into regions, zones, districts, etc. to run the administration.
  • central court system
  • The local government serves as the central government's representative.
• Merits of Unitary Governance:
  • Administrative resemblance because of the centralization of policy and program development.
  • Low administrative costs in terms of money.
  • Robust administrative decision-making process.
  • No possibility of communal and regional classes.
  • There is no power struggle between the national and local governments.
  • Ideal for tiny nations like Nepal.
• Demerits of Unitary Governance:
  • Local autonomy is impossible because of the concentration of authority.
  • Less participation by the populace in the political process, which undermines their sense of identity. From an economic and administrative perspective, the local elected units might continue to be weak.
  • Does not foster the growth of such a community's backward castes, classes, regions, cultures, or languages.
  • Inequitable regional development
  • Not appropriate for large nations.

On the Basic of Structure of Governance:

• Presidential Governance System:
  A presidential governance system is a form of government where one person serves as both the head of state and the head of the government. In this system, the head of state is not a member of parliament, and other council of ministers members are also chosen from among non-parliamentarians. The executive branch of government is not directly accountable to the legislature. The United States of America is where this system is best implemented. The theory of separation of powers is more easily applied in this form of government.

                         Merits and Demerits of Presidential Government

• Parliamentary Governance System:
  A parliamentary government is one that is established by an elected parliamentary body, in which the prime minister is chosen based on the support of the body, and the council of ministers is created by selecting other ministers from among the parliamentarians, who hold the executive branch of government's powers. This is the form of government, also known as parliamentary government, in which the council of ministers answers to the parliament. The parliamentary system of government originated in Britain. Nepal is one of the countries using the British system of government among those who have done so. Despite the fact that it currently appears to be a little different, Nepal currently adheres to this system due to the prime minister's role as the executive head and a constitutional requirement that he or she be a parliamentarian. Although the separation of powers cannot be fully implemented in a parliamentary system of government, it is possible to effectively implement power balance and control.

                          Merits and Demerits of Parliamentary Government 

• Mixed Governance System:
  In this form of government, the president and prime minister share executive authority over the nation. The prime minister is the one who receives the parliament's vote of confidence while the president is typically chosen directly from the electorate. The parliament may be dissolved by the president. On the prime minister's recommendation, the president chooses the ministers from among the parliamentarians. The president and prime minister share power in this way, and the effective one may rise to power.

               Merits and Demerits of Mixed Government

Administrative Structure of Governance

Administration acts as the method via which the benefits of the system are transmitted to the population, even if the political sector controls the majority of the functions of the governance system. As a result, it is claimed that administration is not superior than national governance. Only competent, competitive, people-oriented, and responsible administration can support the impartiality and efficacy of the services that the state offers to its citizens. Administration is the best and most effective way to deliver the benefits brought about by the governing system. It is a permanent framework that encompasses the entire country, from its capital to its regional administrations.

The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal offers three administrative divisions. A constitutional provision states that the government may provide other federal government services and positions in accordance with the needs of the people. The provincial council of ministers and the town/village executive are both covered by the same constitutional provision, which gives them the power to develop and implement different government services to handle their administration.

Aspects of Administrative Structures:

• Central Administrative Structure:
  The phrase "central administrative structure" describes a particular type of administrative organization that collaborates closely with the central government, is tasked with formulating policies, making crucial decisions, and, through the management of subordinates, concentrates on different aspects of the governance system as a whole. It consists of the secretariat, departmental offices, departments, and commissions of the government.
• Regional Administrative Structure:
  The body that oversees and evaluates activities of development in a specific area, service flow, peace and stability, and lower-level local offices and agencies is the regional administrative structure. The regional government offices are a part of the regional administrative organization.
• Local Administrative Structure:
  The institutions and departments that execute federal government directives, actively participate in service delivery, and support development projects are referred to as having a "local administrative structure." They genuinely have control on the Governance. The local administrative structure acts as a vehicle for distributing the benefits of the political order to the people while keeping friendly relations. It depends on national politics whether it succeeds or fails. Dispersed governmental organizations at the state, district, illaka, city, or village levels are covered by this.

Characteristics/Features of Governance

The problems that are considered to be fundamental parts of the political system are structural difficulties in and of themselves. On the other side, the characteristics of the governance system itself are the ideas and procedures employed in the field of governance. It is debatable whether or not this is the most effective way to accomplish the goal of good governance. since the problems differ in each state. The same prescription cannot therefore be given to everyone. The states can, however, pick and choose from a list of characteristics of effective governance based on the challenges and problems they face.

• Accountability:
  The authority of the rulers over the ruled has something to do with responsibility. The more successfully the populace can overturn the ruling elite, the more responsible government becomes. Additionally, it stands for the concern and sense of responsibility that rulers have for their subjects. Government representatives who pose as public servants before an election and then consider themselves to be lords of the people afterward are irresponsible.
  Leadership in both the political and administrative spheres should be held accountable. The bureaucracy, which is the foundation of the nation, is made up of the employees who perform the administrative tasks of the government under the political executive. How effectively and efficiently a bureaucracy operates affects how well a country is governed. While administrators hold the position for a long time and are accountable for it, political leaders frequently hold office for a brief period of time. The capable bureaucrats advise and help the rulers, assisting them in becoming capable and effective. The political system will collapse if bureaucracy degenerates into corruption and carelessness. The term "national servants" refers to the workers' true role as servants of the people.
• Legitimacy:
  It has to deal with the legitimacy or justification of the ruler's right to rule. Power is reduced to a bare force and loses its validity. Legitimacy requires the responsible use of authority. Regular elections in Loktantra establish the ruler's legitimacy. Therefore, when his authority is questioned, a popular monarch will want a new mandate. Because authority and legitimacy are so intertwined, even in traditional nations, the monarch who has assumed the throne after the death of the king announces his coronation with great fervor. A group or organization that seizes power after a revolution or military uprising will also make an effort to legitimize its rule by establishing a constitution, holding elections, and carrying out other necessary procedures.
  It is important to keep in mind that, regardless of what the law requires, the ruler must use judgment when exercising power. Power should only be used sensibly. If power is misused or corrupted, it loses its legitimacy. As a result, good administration calls for the ruler to exercise their power appropriately. Power that is not authorized is no longer acceptable. Against such legitimacy, there is also justification for rebellion.
• Fair and Reliable Judicial System:
  A judicial system that does not provide fair justice or where corruption is widespread hinders good governance. Often, a person is at war with the government. If the judiciary is subject to political pressure or interference in such a case, the person cannot receive justice. If there is a clear framework of rule of law, respect for human rights, and punishment for criminal activity, the justice system gains credibility. Because certain wealthy nations now demand that these conditions be met before investing. It is common knowledge that the ruling classes and other affluent social groups have an influence on the legal system in developing countries.
• Participatory Governance:
  Sharing authority over the organizations and resources that have an impact on stakeholders' lives as well as societal policy is the process of participation. In reality, it gives the people power over governmental power. The primary goal of involvement in the political system is to empower citizens. Widespread human empowerment cannot be attained in a country like ours without first empowering women, Dalits, Madhesi, religious minorities, and other oppressed groups. The society must have institutions, regulatory frameworks, and an environment conducive to economic growth in order to establish legal requirements and monitor governmental actions and policies.
• Use of State Power:
  The state's coercive power is used by the government of fear to uphold its political order.
• Law and Procedure:
  The laws upon which the governing structure is based. Some techniques and procedures have been developed in order to harness the power of the dread state with awareness and predictability.
• Civil Supremacy:
  The goals, practices, and outcomes of the ruling system are shared by ordinary people. They carefully exercise and monitor their sovereignty through their trusted representatives..
• Complexity and Comprehensiveness:
  As it is said that the sphere of public administration extends from womb to tomb, the governance system and its domain are nebulous and complex.
• Function of Government:
  Different facets of the governing structure
• Managerial Style:
  The management of a family, society, locale, and international relations is also a form of managerial style.
• Governance Structure Effects:
  Governmental structure and the core principles of government capitalism, socialism, etc. are changing in line with the governing system, governance procedure, and operational procedures.
  A qualitative topic is the governing system. Positive features Because it is challenging to numerically measure the quality of the governance system, ranking is used as a method of quality measurement.
• Inter disciplinary subject matter:
  Even though it has historically been thought of as a political subject, the governing system is closely related to a wide range of other academic fields, such as economics, sociology, ethics, and diplomacy, in addition to having connections to a number of actors.
• Changeability:
  The political system needs to be adaptable. A society that is evolving cannot preserve the status quo under its dominion. It is crucial that the political system incorporate fresh viewpoints and ideals.
• Several goals and expectations:
  The governmental structure fulfills a number of purposes. In addition to the goals, the general audience has high expectations.
• A Continuous System:
  Governance is an ongoing process rather than an activity. There is a connection between the continuity of the state and the continuity of the political system.
• Mirror of a Society:
  It is believed that the governance structure reflects society. Success in politics, governmental stability, and dedication to tackling socioeconomic issues are all reflections of the political system as a whole.

People's Movement of 2046 and its Major Characteristics

Despite the Democrats' displeasure, the Partyless Panchyat system was declared the winner of the vote in 2036 B.S. They persevered with their combat strategies. While the Satyagrahis were preparing to start their protest in 2042, Jestha 10, they were not hindered with as the arrest of the rebels started in Jestha 9. The government faced difficulties as a result of the communists' support for the Nepali Congress' Satyagraha, which involved protests at the Supreme Court, Dillibazar Charkhal Addha, offices of Chief District Officers in all of the country's districts, the Directorate of Land, the Tax Office, Courts, etc. The non-violent agitation came to an end as a result of bomb explosions in a number of places, including Ashad 7 and Narayanahiti in 2042.

India and Nepal's relations were deteriorating in the meantime. In 2045, Chaitra 10, there was a crisis in the country as a result of the suspension of petroleum shipments from India due to transit and economic disputes between Nepal and India. Marichman Singh, the nation's former prime minister, brought petroleum supplies from China and made them available during emergencies, demonstrating his awareness of the nationality issue. The educational institutions had the option to abstain from the agitation during the national crisis, but they were all compelled to shut down in response to the demand that the Panchayat restore the fundamental rights that had been taken away from the populace.

Increasing cries for the restoration of democracy led to the abolition of the autocratic Panchayat system, but the Panchayat administration was resistant to granting the people democratic rights. The public was becoming more aware of democracy. From March 5 to March 7, 2046 B.S., a national congress of the Nepali Congress was held at the residence of Nepali Congress leader Ganesh Man Singh. On the seventh day of Falgun 2046, the Nepali Congress National Conference decided to launch a movement to restore democracy. The three-day conference was held at the residence of Ganesh Man Singh, a well-known leader of the Nepali Congress, and was attended by the Left parties of Nepal and a number of foreign observers. The conference also included participation from prominent Indian leaders Chandrashekhar, Harikishan Singh Surjit, M.J. Akbar, etc. As the conference called on all political groups to participate in the struggle, everyone was reorganized to abolish the Panchayat system and restore democracy.

In response to Ganesh Man Singh, the head of the Nepali Congress, and with the active backing of the United Left Front, which included Manmohan Adhikari and other leaders, democratic leaders and cadres joined the movement on 7 Falgun 2046 B.S. while carrying the flag with four stars, sickle, and hammer. During the People's Movement, proponents of the Panchayat government made strenuous attempts to suppress the demonstrators, but the United People's Movement nonetheless grew. Students, philosophers, businesses, and the general public actively participated in raising awareness of the issue among people from all socioeconomic classes and educational levels. The Nepali Congress and the Left Front launched a national mass action in the valley starting on the 7th Falgun 2046. The major cities including Kathmandu were closed on 8th Falgun. The international media started to spread the news with priority.

The authorities applied a lot of pressure on the agitators. Despite numerous horrific massacres, the movement continued, grew worse, and spread to a national scale. The movement became significantly worse after the government asserted itself in an aggressive manner. On Chaitra 19, 2046, the cabinet was restructured and suppressed on the suggestion of Marichman Singh, but the movement persisted. In an effort to put an end to the popular rebellion, a Partyless Panchayat government slaughtered the revolutionaries in Kirtipur on 20 Chaitra 2046 by firing weapons at random from a helicopter. Shots were fired in Butwal, Patan, and Kirtipur. Kathmandu held tribute gatherings on Chaitra 22, a sizable assembly on Chaitra 23, and a demonstration on Chaitra 24 in accordance with the agitation's schedule. The authorities used every available tool to thwart the movement. An army terrorized the capital on the 24th and 25th of Chaitra, and the movement cost many lives. The more the national mass movement was repressed, the more explosive it became. The Partyless Panchayat system must therefore eventually fail.

On 24 Chaitra 2046, King Birendra issued a statement via Radio Nepal. It declares that Lokendra Bahadur Chand presided over a government made up of four people. The widespread protests, though, continued. At 11:45 p.m. on the evening of the 26th Chaitra 2046, a message was finally broadcast on Nepal Television and Radio Nepal relieving the party ban by removing the word "partyless." Permission was granted for the Constitution Reform Advice Commission to release a report in advance of drafting a new constitution. As a result, after the Partyless Panchayat administration was dismantled and a multi-party system was reestablished, the movement came to an end. After thirty years, the Panchayat system founded by King Mahendra's royal edict on January 1st, 2017, was disbanded.

The dissolution of the Panchayat was followed by the establishment of an interim government headed by Krishna Prasad Bhattarai. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal went into effect on Kartik 23, 2047. As a result, on Baishakh 29, 2048, the general election was held. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 available seats in the House of Representatives. On Jestha 15, 2048, the Nepali Congress' parliamentary party was established, and Girija Prasad Koirala was elected as its leader. The Communist Party of Nepal (UML), which won 68 seats, is still the main opposition group.

Because so many individuals gave their lives to restore democracy in Nepal, all citizens have a duty to protect it. Together with the men, Nepali women actively participated in this movement. In order to advance the central level movement, women's leadership, led by individuals like Mangala Devi Singh, Shahna Pradhan, and Shailaja Acharya, was essential. Thousands of women had contributed as fully and efficiently as they could to the transition from the center to the village level aside from them. As a result of the agitation, the Panchayat system was eliminated, and a constitutional monarchy, multi-party system, and democratic constitution were also established.

The Consequences of the Revolution- 2046

• Establishment of Multi-party System:
   multi-party system of government in Nepal was established following the country's first general election in 2015, although it was short-lived. With the proclamation of the first poush in 2017, the former King Mahendra established the partyless panchayat system (Panchyat system was started from 22nd poush 2017). The multi-party system was reinstated after a protracted fight by the Nepalese people for its restoration.
• Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy:
  The People's Movement in the year 2046 B.S. was followed by the adoption of the Kingdom of Nepal Constitution of 2047. (1990 AD). The king had absolute power and was above the law before this. The law was subject to revision and repeal at the king's discretion at any time. The constitution was subordinate to the king's authority. This movement placed the king under the constitution. Thus, Nepal's constitutional monarchy came into being.
• Sovereignty was Vested in the Public:
  The king held the nation's authority prior to the movement of 2046 B.S. The king held absolute sovereignty over the nation. The movement's outcome gave the people autonomous power. The masses never remain above anyone. The people became sovereign because they had been granted sovereignty.
• The Parliamentary Rule:
  Bicameral parliamentary government was established in Nepal under Article 44 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2046. There was a provision for a National Assembly with 60 members and a House of Representatives with 205 members as the lower house.
• Reinforcement of Multiparty Democracy:
• The 2046 B.S. revolution led to the multi-party system becoming stronger. The end of totalitarianism was brought about by making the government answerable to the people, which was accomplished by a number of political organizations. As the parties cooperate, the multi-party democracy has been strengthened as a result of the strengthening of the democratic system, the parties' obligations to the government and the populace, etc.
• The Basic Human Rights:
  The movement's outcome has ensured human rights. There are plans in place to completely abolish the death penalty and to pursue constitutional remedies for prisoners even in times of emergency.
• The Rule of Law:
  Instead of establishing authoritarian authority, this movement built the rule of law. Legally, everyone is on an equal footing. Discrimination based on race, gender, caste, religion, etc. is prohibited by law.

Multiparty Governance

On 13th Jestha 2048, King Birendra chose Girja Prasad Koirala, who was the Nepali Congress's general secretary at the time, as prime minister. A government of 15 people was subsequently created. On Kartik 29, 2048, the midterm elections were held. The CPN (UML), the RPP, and the Nepali Congress each gained 83 seats in the election that was held after the House of Representatives was dissolved. No party won a clear majority in the midterm elections, so Manmohan Adhikari, the head of the CPN. UML and leader of the parliamentary party, was chosen as prime minister. On 30th Jestha 2052, this House of Representatives was once more disbanded. However, on 12th Bhadra, 2052, the Supreme Court restored it, and on 20th Bhadra, Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba presented a motion of no-confidence against Manmohan Adhikari at a special meeting of the House of Representatives. After the motion of no-confidence was approved on January 25th, 2052, this government disintegrated.

On 26th Bhadra, 2052 B.S., Sher Badhur Deuba was chosen to serve as prime minister of Nepal. On the first of Falgun in 2052, when he was in power, Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, the head of the Janamorcha movement, declared the armed uprising to be a "people's war" and launched an underground political movement, claiming that the government had ignored his demands. On Falgun 23, 2053, Sher Bahadur Deuba's government was dismissed as a result of a UML motion of no confidence, and Lokendra Bahadur Chand, the leader of the RPP, was appointed prime minister. Due to the Nepali Congress' motion of no-confidence, Lokendra Bahadur Chand's administration was overthrown on Ashoj 18, 2054.

On Ashoj 20, 2054, Surya Bahadur Thapa, the president of the RPP, was appointed prime minister by the Congress. He suggested that the House of Representatives be dissolved and elections held. The House of Representatives, however, rejected the motion of no confidence at a special session. On the 28th Chaitra of 2054, he resigned.

On the 30th Chaitra 2054, a minority administration was established under the direction of Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala. This cabinet also included members of the CPN (ML). The CPN (ML) was soon ousted, but the cabinet was reorganized by joining the UML. On the 13th Jestha of 2056, following the Legislature's election, a cabinet was formed under the direction of Nepali Congress leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai. Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister again on 5th Chaitra, 2056, after this government resigned on Chaitra 3rd.

Gyanendra became king and elevated his son Paras to the position of crown prince following the unbelievable incident at the Narayanhiti palace on January 9, 2058, which resulted in the death of King Birendra's whole family. The Maoists were labeled terrorists by Sher Bahadur Deuba's Prime Ministerial Government on Jestha 10, 2059, and a six-month state of emergency was proclaimed. According to the terms of the then-constitution, the king announced the dissolution of the House of Representatives on 8 Jestha, 2059, on the advice of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, and declared mid-term elections on 27 Kartik. King Gyanendra removed Deuba on 18 Ashoj 2059, accusing him of "incompetence," under the guise of failing to arrange elections on time. Additionally, he declared that to suspend the polls to be held on 27th Kartik and declared the formation of a new cabinet within five days. Unless there is another arrangement, the executive power was kept in his hand.

A five-member Council of Ministers led by Lokendra Bahadur Chand was established on Ashoj 25 after Nepal went without a prime minister and council of ministers from Ashwin 18 to Ashwin 24. In secret since the first Falgun in 2052, the CPN (Maoist), which had started the armed people's war, held peace discussions with the government. The Maoist attack on Dang and Syangja on 8th Mangsr 2058 significantly worsened the security situation after the collapse of the first phase talks on 8th Shrawan 2058, the second round talks on 26th Bhadra, and the third round talks on 28th Kartik. Beginning on the eleventh Mangsir 2058, an emergency was declared nationwide. On 11th Jestha 2059, the emergency came to an end; nevertheless, it was reenacted on 13th Jestha and concluded on 12th Bhadra.Nepali politics took a new turn after withdrawing the Maoists' declaration of ceasefire on 15th Magh and the government's declaration to withdraw the prior declaration of CPN (Maoist) as terrorists and the Red Corner Notice of Arrest.

People's Movement of 2063 and its Major Characteristics

Gyanendra had little faith in democratic procedures when he took the throne following the slaughter of the previous king, Birendra, and his family on the 19th Jestha 2058. The king made steady efforts to increase his dominance and power. He put the former Panchas in power while ignoring the members of the other elected parties. By electing himself as head of the cabinet, the king attempted to impose a dictatorship on the nation. After the 18th Ashoj in 2059, Gyanendra started to run his own government, frequently appointing Lokendra Bahadur Chand and Surya Bahadur Thapa as prime ministers. Five parties, including the Nepali Congress and the CPN (UML), began rallies to apply pressure, calling it a royal regression. The House of Representatives will be chosen by the end of Chaitra in the year 2061, according to a royal order issued on August 18 by King Gyanendra, who reappointed Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister. On the 19th of Magh, this administration was overthrown, and King Gyanendra took sole control. Following the 19th Magh, a seven-party alliance that was agitating against the direct authority of the king was created, including the Nepali Congress (Democratic) and the United Left Front. The coalition reached an understanding in 2062 Baishakh to clear the path for the reinstatement of the House of Representatives, provide a political exit for the Maoist People's War, and hold elections for the constituent assembly. Only after this did the seven parties and the Maoists begin to communicate and reach an understanding.

On Baishakh 25, 2062, the Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, Nepali Congress (Democratic), Janamorcha Nepal, Nepal Majhdur Kishan Party, Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Ananddevi), and United Left Front first formed the coalition following the start of King Gyanendra's second autocratic and direct rule. On July 7th, in New Delhi, India, the Nepali Congress, UML, and Maoists signed a 5-point accord. After the peace agreement was signed and the CPN-Maoist joined the Interim Legislature-Parliament, this alliance consisted of 8 parties. The seven-party government and the CPN then reached a comprehensive peace agreement on May 5th, 2063.

Due to the extensive participation of the Nepalese people, the nonviolent people's movement, which lasted for 19 days from the 24th Chaitra to the 11th Baishakh, had brought the movement to its turning point. The result was the promulgation of the Nepal Interim Constitution, 2063, on the first Magh. With the agreement of the seven political parties charged with overseeing the current political transition and choosing the Constituent Assembly following the People's Movement, the election date for the Constituent Assembly was set for the third time on the 28th Chaitra, 2064. Following the 23-point agreement reached on the 8th Poush 2064, the seven political parties had decided to hold the election for the Constituent Assembly during the month of Chaitra.

On the 28th Chaitra 2064, Nepal's historically final constitutive assembly election was held. The Constituent Assembly had 601 members, 240 of whom were elected using the proportional representation system, 335 using the first-past-the-post method, and the final 24 members were chosen by the Council of Ministers. On Jestha 15, 2065, the Constituent Assembly convened for the first time, establishing Nepal as a Democratic Republic and electing Dr. Ram Baran Yadav and Parmanand Jha as its first president and vice president.

Causes of People's Movement 2062/63

• King Birendra's family perished in the royal massacre,
• lowering public support for the monarchy,
• It is impossible to improve service flow in accordance with public expectations.
• King's brutality, rising public discontent with how government functions, and growth
• Raising public awareness of democracy,
• Creation of a coalition between seven political parties,
• Including the Nepali Congress and the CPN-UML,
• Signing of a 12-point agreement with the Maoists
• Public knowledge has increased as a result of the Maoist insurgency,
• Popular support for a democratic-republican system,
• International backing for Nepalese interests, among other factors.

Consequences of People's Movement:

The popular uprising of 2062–1963 resulted in the establishment of the republic and the end of Nepal's monarchy. By eradicating all traces of the main representative body of feudalism and the monarchy that ruled the nation for 238 years, this great revolution that took place between the 24th of Chaitra in 2062 and the 11th of Baishakh in 2063 created a capitalist democratic republic. In order to prevent future repression against Nepalis, this revolution made Nepalese people the source of sovereignty and gave them control over state power and governance. The following is a summary of the successes of the People's Movement in 2062–1963.

• Public sovereignty,
• The abolition of autocracy, 
• The end of the monarchy
• State Loktantra was replaced by the republic,
• To fulfill the aspirations of the people to draft the Constitution through the Constituent Assembly,
• Let's move on to a resolution of the conflict.