Urinary Tract Infection

Subject: Medical and Surgical Nursing I (Theory)

Overview

An infection of any urinary tract organ—the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys—is referred to as a urinary tract infection. Its causes include Proteus, Streptococci, Staphylococci, etc. UTI can also be brought on by invasive procedures like catheterization and cystoscopy. Its signs include urgency and frequency, burning when urinating at night, dysuria, etc. Red blood cells and bacteriuria are found in urine after a urinarysis. A urine culture reveals the etiological bacterium. The patient is urged to drink plenty of fluids to help the kidneys function and to flush the bacteria out of the urinary tract. Teaching patients to take care of themselves by practicing good hygiene, increasing fluid intake to encourage urination and diluting of urine, and urinating more frequently and frequently.

An infection of any urinary tract organ—the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys—is referred to as a urinary tract infection.

Causes

  • E.coli
  • Pseudomonas
  • Proteus
  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci

Predisposing factors

  • Urine stasis
  • Invasive procedures eg: catheterization, cystoscopy

Pathophysiology

A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue in one or both kidneys results in an upper UTI, which is brought on by urine reflux into the ureters. An infection known as a lower UTI normally progresses from the urethra to the bladder and occasionally the ureter.

Signs and symptoms

Upper UTI:

  • Flank pain
  • Costovertebral angle tenderness
  • Fever and chills
  • Malaise
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency and urgency
  • Possibly bloody or cloudy urine

Lower UTI:

  • Frequency and urgency
  • Burning on urination nocturia
  • Inflamed, edematous meatus in urethritis
  • Nocturia

Investigation

  • Upper UTI:
    • Findings from a urine analysis show a high white blood cell count, white cell casts, and bacteria.
  • Lower UTI:
    • Red blood cells and bacteriuria are found in urine during a urine test. A urine culture reveals the etiological bacterium.

Management

  • Antibiotics in every situation.
  • Specific antibiotic treatment based on the results of the culture and sensitivity tests.
  • Encourage a minimum daily fluid intake of 2 liters.
  • Urinary alkalinizers can relieve symptoms.
  • Health education and recurrence prevention.

Nursing management

  • Assess, note, and report any changes in urine's color, concentration, cloudiness, volume, or odor, as well as its frequency, urgency, and hesitation.
  • Examine the patient's typical voiding pattern.
  • Antibiotics and antispasmodic medications work swiftly to ease the pain associated with UTI.
  • To improve renal blood flow and flush the bacteria from the urinary system, the patient is urged to consume a lot of fluids.
  • Analyze your vital signs every four hours.
  • For recurrent UTI, periodic renal function monitoring and examination for strictures, blockage, or stones may be necessary.
  • The indwelling catheter ought to be avoided if feasible and taken out as soon as possible.
  • Observing thorough aseptic procedures.
  • Teaching the patients to take care of themselves includes exercising good personal cleanliness, increasing fluid intake to encourage voiding and diluting of urine, and increasing frequency and regularity of urination.

References

  •  emedmd.com/content/urinary-tract-infection
  • healthline.com › Symptom Checker
  • Mandal, G. (August 2013). A Textbook of Adult Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Dilllibazar kathmandu: Makalu publication house. Retrieved August 2013
  • nationalmssociety.org/.../Brochure-Urinary-Dysfunction-and-MS.pdf
  • ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › Bookshelf 
Things to remember
  • A urinary tract infection is an infection of any of the organs in the urinary tract, 
  • Invasive procedures eg: catheterization, cystoscopy 
  • Dysuria, frequency and urgency, possibly bloody or cloudy urine, symptoms. 
  • Urinalysis findings reveal elevated white blood cell count, white cell casts and bacteria 
  • Recommend at least 2 liter per day fluid intake 
  • Indwelling catheter should be avoided if possible and removed at the earliest opportunity. 
  • Record changes in urine color, concentration, cloudiness, amount and odor. 
Questions and Answers

An infection of any urinary tract organ—the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys—is referred to as a urinary tract infection.

Causes

  • Coli
  • Pseudomonas
  • Proteus
  • Streptococci
  • Stayphylococci

Predisposing Factors

  • Urine stagnation
  • Invasive procedures, such as cystoscopy and catheterization

Management

  • Antibiotics in every situation
  • Depending on the culture and sensitivity report, a specific antibiotic course of treatment
  • Encourage a minimum daily fluid intake of 2 liters.
  • Relieving symptoms with urine alkalinizers
  • Health promotion and recurrence avoidance

Nursing Management

  • Assess, note, and report any changes in urine's color, concentration, cloudiness, volume, or odor, as well as its frequency, urgency, and hesitation.
  • Examine the patient's typical voiding pattern.
  • Antibiotics and antispasmodic medications work swiftly to relieve the pain associated with UTI.
  • The patient is urged to drink plenty of fluids to help the kidneys function and to flush the bacteria out of the urinary tract.
  • Analyze your vital signs every four hours.
  • For recurrent UTI, periodic renal function monitoring and examination for strictures, blockage, or stones may be necessary.
  • If at all feasible, avoid using an indwelling catheter, and get it taken out as soon as possible.
  • Observing stringent aspetic protocol while

Teaching patients to take care of themselves by practicing good hygiene, increasing fluid intake to encourage urination and dilution of urine, and urinating more frequently and frequently.

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