Introduction of Oncology at National level ( Nepal )

Oncology Nursing

Oncology

A subspecialty of medicine called oncology deals with the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in oncology.

The following three factors have increased cancer patient survival:

• Prevention
• Early Diagnosis
• Treatment

Cancer

A set of diseases known as cancer include abnormal cell proliferation and have the ability to infiltrate or spread to different bodily sites.

Cancer is a condition in which a tissue's cells undergo regulated multiplication.

The majority of tumors are benign, and they do not spread to other body parts.

Tumor

A tumor is a commonly used, but a nonspecific term for a neoplasm. The word tumor simply refers to a mass. This is a general term that can refer to benign or malignant growth.

Carcinogen

Any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that directly contributes to the development of cancer is considered a carcinogen.

This might be as a result of the possibility of genome damage or cellular metabolic process disruption.

Introduction of Oncology at National Level ( Nepal )

Risk Factors

• Tobacco: It is the leading cause of cancer and death from it.
• Alcohol Consumption: The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and use tobacco along.
• Obesity: Obese individual has an increased risk of cancer of breast, colon, rectum, gall bladder etc.
• Age: Advanced age is a risk factor for many cancer.

Etiology

• Virus and Bacteria
  • Virus is though to incorporate themselves into the genetic structure of cells, thus altering the future generation of that cell population- perhaps leading to cancer. For example;
  • Epstein - Barr virus is highly suspect as a cause of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancers and some types of on Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease.
  • Herpes simplex virus type ||, cytomegalovirus type 16,18,31 and 33 are associated with dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.
  • Hepatitis B virus is implicated in cancer of the liver.
  • Human immunodeficiency virus is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma.
• Physical Agent
  • Physical factors associated with carcinogenesis include exposure to sunlight or radiation and tobacco use.
  • Excessive exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun, especially in fair- skinned, blue- or green-eyed people, increase the chance of cancer.
• Chemical Agents
  • Smoking is strongly associated with cancer of the lung, head and neck, esophagus, cervix, and bladder.
  • Chewing tobacco is associated with cancers of the oral cavity and primarily occurs in men younger than 40 years of age.
  • Many chemical substances found in the workplace have proved to be carcinogenic.
  • Most hazardous chemical produce their toxic effects by altering DNA structure in the body.
• Genetic and Familial Factors
  • Genetic factors play a role in cancer cell development.
  • Approximately 5%-10% of cancer of adulthood and childhood display a familial predisposition.
  • Cancer associated with familial inheritance include;
  • retinoblastoma,
  • nephroblastomas,
  • malignant neurofibromatosis and breast, ovarian, stomach, prostate and lung cancer.
• Dietary Factor
  • Dietary factor is though to be related to 35% of all environment cancers.
  • Dietary substance associated with an increased cancer risk include; fat, alcohol, smoked meats, high caloric dietary intake.
  • Food substance that appears to reduce cancer risk include;
  • High fiber food
  • Cruciferous vegetables
  • Possibly vitamins E and C, zinc, etc.
  • Obesity is associated with endometrial cancer and possibly postmenopausal breast cancer.
  • Obesity may also increase the risk for cancer of the colon, kidney, and gallbladder.
• Hormonal Agents
  • Cancers of breast, prostate and uterus are though to depend on endogenous hormonal levels for growth.
  • Oral contraceptive and prolonged estrogen replacement therapy are associated with increased incidence of hepatocellular, endometrial and breast cancer.
  • Increased numbers of pregnancies are associated with a decreased incidence of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.

References

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology
• Mandal, G. (August 2013). A Textbook of Adult Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Dilllibazar kathmandu: Makalu publication house. Retrieved August 2013
• slideshare.net/abishadh/adhikari-a