Objective and Management of OT X

Subject: Medical and Surgical Nursing II (Theory)

Overview

The invasion of disease-causing pathogens into an organism's bodily tissues, their growth, and the host tissues' response to these agents and the toxins they release are all considered to be infections. A pathogen is a type of organism that colonizes and poses a health risk to its host. There are many different types of infections, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Redness, swelling, worsening pain, or purulent drainage at wounds, sore spots, or the places where tubes, drains, or catheters are removed Any suspicious drainage should be cultured; pathogens found during culture determine antibiotic therapy. heightened temperature After 48 hours, a fever above 37.7° C (99.8° F) suggests infection; spikes in temperature that come and go are an indication of a wound infection; and an extremely high fever accompanied by sweating and chills may be an indication of septicemia.

Infection

The invasion of disease-causing agents into an organism's body tissues, their growth, and the host tissues' response to these agents and the toxins they release are all considered to be infections. A pathogen is a type of organism that colonizes and poses a health risk to its host. Examples comprise:

  • Parasites
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Viroids (plant pathogens, they affect the health of plants)

Types of infection

  • Viral infections
    The size of viruses is substantially less than that of bacteria or fungus. Once within a cell, the virus enters its host and releases genetic material (DNA or RNA).
    viruses can cause infections. A person could contract an infection by:
    • Inhaling the virus (breathing it in)
    • Being bitten by infected insects or parasites
    • Through sexual contact
  • Bacterial infections
    Bacteria are extremely small, single-celled microorganisms that typically have a few micrometers in length and are found in millions at a time. They are not considered to be either plants or animals; rather, they are a separate group of organisms. Bacteria have contributed to some of the deadliest illnesses and severe outbreaks in recorded human history, including: Plague, Dysentery, Typhoid, Typhoid Fever, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Dysentery, Typhoid, and Typhus
    The list of infections and the names of the bacterium that commonly cause them
    • Brain (bacterial meningitis) - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria, meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus agalictaiae, Listeria monocytogenes.
    • Ear (otitis media ) - Streptococcus pneumonia
    • Pneumonia
    • Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Upper respiratory tract infection
    • Streptococcus pyrogens, Haemophilus influenza
    • Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach)
    • Helicobacter pylori
    • Sinusitis - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza
    • Urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli
    • Skin infections - Staphylococcus aureus
  • Mycosis (fungal infection/ disease )
    Mycosis is a disease brought on by a fungus or a fungal infection in or on a body part. Some fungi proliferate by way of very tiny airborne spores that individuals either inhale or pick up on their skin, therefore fungal infections can begin on either the skin or the lungs.
    There are three different kinds of fungus that can infect the skin:
    • Superficial mycoses
    • Cutaneous mycoses
    • Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton fungi.

Signs and symptoms

  • Chills and sweats
  • Shortness of breath
  • Nasal congestion
  • Stiff neck
  • Burning or pain with urination
  • Unusual vaginal discharge or irritation
  • Increased urination
  • Any area that is red, sore, or swollen, including surgical wounds and ports
  • Diarrhea, Vomiting
  • Pain in the abdomen or rectum

Nursing Interventions Infection

Monitor the following for signs of infection:

  • Redness, swelling, worsening discomfort, or purulent leakage at wounds, sore spots, or the places where tubes, drains, or catheters are removed Any questionable drainage should be tested; microorganisms found during culture decide antibiotic therapy.
  • Heightened temperature After 48 hours, a fever above 37.7° C (99.8° F) suggests infection; spikes in temperature that come and go are an indication of a wound infection; and an extremely high fever accompanied by sweating and chills may be an indication of septicemia.
  • Respiratory secretions' color Sputum that is yellow or yellow-green indicates a respiratory infection.
  • Urine's appearance Cloudy urine with a bad odor and visible sediment is a sign of bladder or urinary tract infection.
  • Track the white blood cell count (WBC). Without an elevated WBC, an infection may exist in older persons.
  • Determine whether the amniotic membranes are intact in pregnant individuals. The mother and child are more at risk for infection if the amniotic membranes break for an extended period of time before delivery.
  • Examine your past for any drug use or medical procedures that might have weakened your immune system. Immune competence is decreased by corticosteroids and anti-cancer drugs.
  • Analyze your vaccination history. Patients who are elderly or who were not raised in the United States may lack the necessary acquired immune competence because they did not receive all of their immunizations.
  • Analyze the patients' nutritional status, including weight and weight loss history.
  • The edges of the wound should be crusted, clean, and accurately defined.
  • The wound is slightly swollen, reddened, and hot to the touch if the infection is present.
  • The most popular and efficient medical aseptic procedure for preventing the spread of microorganisms that cause wound infections is hand washing.

 

 

 
Things to remember
  • The invasion of disease-causing pathogens into an organism's bodily tissues, their growth, and the host tissues' response to these agents and the toxins they release are all considered to be infections.
  • A pathogen is a type of organism that colonizes and poses a health risk to its host.
  • There are many different types of infections, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. At incisions, injured sites, or catheter, drain, or tube exit sites, there may be redness, swelling, increased pain, or purulent drainage.
  • Any suspicious drainage should be cultured; pathogens found during culture determine antibiotic therapy.
  • Heightened temperature After 48 hours, a fever above 37.7° C (99.8° F) suggests infection; spikes in temperature that come and go are an indication of a wound infection; and an extremely high fever accompanied by sweating and chills may be an indication of septicemia.
Questions and Answers

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease -causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. An organism which colonizes and harms a host's health is often called a pathogen. Examples include:

  • Parasites
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Viroids (plant pathogens, they affect the health of plants)

Viral Infections

The size of viruses is substantially less than that of bacteria or fungus. Once within a cell, the virus enters its host and releases genetic material (DNA or RNA).

viruses can cause infections. A person could contract an infection by:

  • Breathing in the virus (breathing it in)
  • Being bitten by an insect or parasite that is diseased
  • Via sexual interaction

Bacterial Infections

Bacteria are extremely small, single-celled microorganisms that typically have a few micrometers in length and are found in millions at a time. They are not considered to be either plants or animals; rather, they represent a separate group of organisms. Bacteria have contributed to some of the deadliest illnesses and severe outbreaks in recorded human history, including:

Plague, Dysentery, Typhoid, Typhoid Fever, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Dysentery, Typhoid, and Typhus

Mycosis (Fungal Infection/ Disease )

Mycosis is a disease brought on by a fungus or a fungal infection in or on a body part. Some fungi proliferate by way of very tiny airborne spores that individuals either inhale or pick up on their skin, therefore fungal infections can begin on either the skin or the lungs.

There are three different kinds of fungus that can infect the skin

  • Cutaneous mycoses
  • Cutaneous fungi
  • The fungi Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.
  • Observe the following for infection symptoms:
    • Redness, swelling, worsening discomfort, or purulent leakage at wounds, sore spots, or the places where tubes, drains, or catheters are removed Any questionable drainage should be tested; microorganisms found during culture decide antibiotic therapy.
    • Heightened temperature After 48 hours, a fever above 37.7° C (99.8° F) suggests infection; spikes in temperature that come and go are an indication of a wound infection; and an extremely high fever accompanied by sweating and chills may be an indication of septicemia.
    • Respiratory secretions' color Sputum that is yellow or yellow-green indicates a respiratory infection.
    • Urine appearance Urinary tract or bladder infection is indicated by cloudy, rancid urine with discernible sediment.
  • Track the white blood cell count (WBC). Without an elevated WBC, an infection may exist in older persons.
  • Determine whether the amniotic membranes are intact in pregnant individuals. The mother and child are more at risk for infection if the amniotic membranes break for an extended period of time before delivery.
  • Examine your past for any drug use or medical procedures that might have weakened your immune system. Immune competence is decreased by corticosteroids and anti-cancer drugs.
  • Analyze your vaccination history. Patients who are elderly or who were not reared in the United States may lack the necessary acquired immunological competence because they did not receive all of their vaccines.
  • Analyze the patients' nutritional status, including weight and weight loss history.
  • The edges of the wound should be crusted, clean, and accurately defined.
  • The wound is slightly enlarged, reddish, and hot to the touch if infection is present.
  • The most popular and efficient medical aseptic procedure for preventing the spread of microorganisms that cause wound infections is hand washing.

© 2021 Saralmind. All Rights Reserved.