Subject: Midwifery I (Theory)
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical events that occur in the body that use absorbed nutrients to create energy via the chemical oxidation of nutrients. The expanding uterus and fetus boost total metabolism. During pregnancy, the three most common estrogens are estrogen, estradiol, and estriol. Estrogen performs a variety of functions during pregnancy, including stimulating the uterus and increasing blood supply to uterine vessels, maintaining breast growth and duct structure, increasing salivary gland activity, and hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membrane. Progesterone encourages the development of thick vascular decidua in preparation for the imbedding of the ovum, and it generally maintains healthy decidua throughout the pregnancy.
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical events that occur in the body that use absorbed nutrients to create energy via chemical oxidation.
Placental Hormones
A. Steroid hormone
B. Protein hormone
C. Others
Steroid Hormone
1. Estrogen
It is produced by the corpus luteum before the 12th week of pregnancy and by the placenta in combination with a fetus after the 12th week of pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the three traditional estrogens are estrogen, estradiol, and estriol. Estriol accounts for more than 90% of the estrogens released during pregnancy. During pregnancy, estrogen performs the following functions:
2. Progesterone
Progesterone encourages the development of thick vascular decidua, which prepares the ovum for embedding, and it generally maintains healthy decidua throughout the pregnancy. Plain muscles are relaxed by progesterone. If progesterone production is inadequate, the uterus may initiate rhythmic contractions and abortion may occur.
Similarly, the intestinal muscle is loosened; constipation is typical during pregnancy. Relaxation of the plain muscle in the vein walls may result in the formation of varicose veins of the legs, rectum, and vulva. This impact is exacerbated by the pressure of the growing uterus on the pelvic vein, which slows venous return from the legs even further.
Protein Hormone
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
This is produced by trophoblast cells from the time the fertilized ovum is embedded. In early pregnancy, the major purpose of HCG is to stimulate the corpus luteum to release progesterone and estrogen. A positive test is caused by this hormone. HCG levels in multiple gestation hydatidiform or choriocarcinoma can be twice as high as in a singleton pregnancy. Between 60 and 70 days of pregnancy, 100 IU/ml in blood and 200 IU/ml in urine. It gradually decreases by 10-20IU/ml between 100-130 days. As a result, maintain consistency throughout the pregnancy.
References
Explain the metabolic changes occur during pregnancy.
Changes in Metabolism:
Explian the changes in hormal system during pregnancy.
Changes in the Endocrine system:
Others:
Steroid Hormone:
Estrogen:
It is produced by the corpus luteum prior to the 12th week of pregnancy and the placenta along with the fetus after that point. Estriol, estradiol, and estrogen are the three traditional estrogens during pregnancy. Estriol makes up more than 90% of the estrogens secreted during pregnancy. During pregnancy, estrogen serves a variety of functions, including the following:
Progesterone:
Progesterone encourages the growth of dense, vascular decidua that is prepared for the ovum's imbedding, and it typically keeps the decidua healthy throughout the whole pregnancy. Plain muscles are relaxed by progesterone. A progesterone deficiency may cause the uterus to start contracting rhythmically, which may lead to an abortion.
Constipation is prevalent during pregnancy, and the bowel's plain muscle is also relaxed. Varicose veins in the legs, the rectum, and the vulva may form if the simple muscle in the vein walls relaxes. The uterus' growing size puts strain on the pelvic vein, which worsens this impact by delaying the venous return from the leg.
Protein Hormone:
Human choronic gonadotrophin (HCG)
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