Labor- Employment Status, Domestic and Foreign Employment,Challenges

Labor Status

Labor is one of the main inputs to the manufacturing system, similar to materials. To carry out their production tasks, the labor must have access to manufacturing. The labor consists of the employees required to transform the raw materials into final goods. Labor drives the machinery and participates in processes that help turn raw materials into finished goods. Direct labor and indirect labor are the two categories of labor. Direct labor, as opposed to indirect work, refers to the labor that is directly involved in the conversion process. In order to reduce labor turnover and labor costs, it is important to use labor effectively and to compensate workers fairly. When compared to the materials, labor is more challenging to manage. Unhappy and unhappy workers produce low-quality products at high labor expenses. Therefore, it is necessary to enforce adequate planning, accounting, and regulating for labor.

Employment Scenario

Approximately 11.8 million individuals—roughly 97.9% of the total working-age population—are employed; however, just 16.9% of those persons are paid. Self-employment among employees is 83.1% of the total. 1.17 percent of all employees are self-employed, of which 4.3 million do not have regular employees and 5.4 million do not receive any compensation. About 80% of people work in the agricultural sector. According to the average, the employee's paid monthly salary is Rs. 5117. 7.3% of all jobs are held by service workers, 8.4% by craft and associated occupations, 6.6% by manufacturing, 5.9% by wholesale, retail, and trade, 2.4% by education, and 3.1% by construction.

Unemployment Scenario

In Nepal, rural areas experience higher unemployment rates than metropolitan areas. Urban areas have 13% of the total unemployed young people aged 15 to 24 whereas rural areas have 2.1%. According to NLFS 2008, 30% of the total current economically active population was classified as underused, with urban regions performing significantly better (49.9%) than rural regions (32.3%). Remittances and foreign trade are two ways in which the global economic crisis has impacted Nepal's economy in recent years. Remittance growth started in 2002, but in 2009/10, it drastically plummeted, along with export growth, which fell by nearly 9% in comparison to the previous year. Over 10 years, this has led to a 29% increase in informal employment. The casual zone is where more than 70% of non-agricultural workers are employed.

Domestic Employment

In the previous ten years, Nepal's economy has grown far more slowly than other low-income nations, and the country is heavily dependent on services. When these outputs are translated into GDP, the agricultural sector's output still accounts for 33.7% of GDP in 2013–14, and this causes variation in overall growth rates. From a spending perspective, private consumption in Nepal, which is primarily supported by remittances, accounts for almost 90% of total economic output. Through a decline in the agricultural sector, growth fell in 2012–13 to 3.5 percent. Additionally, the budget delay caused a 0.8 percent decrease in government consumption in 2012–13. In 2013–14, the agriculture sector's output increased by 5.2 percent, which demonstrated improved performance. The South Asian economy's macroeconomic instability is largely caused by the current account balance, which is pushed into positive territory in Nepal. Additionally, from the perspective of employment, the majority of Nepalese depend on the agricultural industry to survive. From 76.0% in 1998/99 to 73.9% in 2008, the proportion of workers in the primary sector has gradually fallen. The majority of the fall, however, is due to changes in the proportions of male workers; in the case of women, the share has only slightly decreased from 85.2% to 84.34%. The employment rate in the services sector is 15.3 percent, whereas the employment rate in manufacturing has climbed from barely 5.8 percent in 1998/99 to 6.6 percent in 2008. According to the non-agricultural informal sector's 2008 Labor Force Survey A total of 2 million people were involved, with 69.7% of them working in industries other than agriculture (which is largely unorganized). Improvements in agricultural production and the associated migration of workers into the secondary and tertiary sectors are crucial steps in the establishment of more suitable work for agricultural nations with low incomes like Nepal.

Foreign Employment

Even if the unemployment rate is not a reliable predictor of every circumstance in the job market, it does highlight some of the difficulties young people in Nepal confront. Particularly, the unemployment rate for young adults, such as those aged 15 to 24, has gone up in metropolitan areas, rising from 7.6% in 1998/99 to 13.0% in 2008. People in Nepal continue to look for work outside of the nation, especially in India, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, and currently in Malaysia, in response to the lack of employment possibilities. Data show that 1.92 million international migrants, including labor migrants from Nepal, crossed international borders in 2011. From 762,000 in 2001, this growth represents a considerable shift. 376.6% of all international migrants reside in India, followed by 376.6% in the Middle East and 13.16% in ASEAN nations. According to Department of Foreign Employment data, there were only 35,543 labor migrants with permits in 2000/01 and 527,814 in 2013/14. 2008–2009, the year of the global financial crisis, was the only year of decline in the previous ten years. Since 2013/14, Malaysia (40.6%), Qatar (23.7%), Saudi Arabia (16.4%), and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have been the primary destinations for labor migrants under the permit system, excluding India given Nepal's visa-free access (10.3 percent). Migration is crucial for macroeconomic sustainability and the reduction of poverty, even while it lessens pressure on the labor market for jobs and wages. The evidence demonstrates that remittance inflows have played a significant role in the decline in poverty. To offset the sharp rise in consumption, imports have increased significantly as a result of remittances; in 2013–14, merchandise imports increased by 27.3 percent to Rs. 708.76 billion. Overall, these influxes have led to an imbalance in Nepal's economic situation. As a result, the economy must be diverse in terms of the capital flows that drive GDP growth and employment creation.

Labour Challenges

Some people refer to them as difficulties or complications. Some refer to them as deviations from the norm. Whatever you term them, favorable circumstances will unquestionably project your capacity to give birth. When presented with an arduous task, it is the mother's responsibility, together with that of her coach or support person, to weigh the possibilities and decide how to proceed. Some of these obstacles may be known to you before any real effort begins. This can give you some extra time to think things over and decide. Throughout labor, further challenging circumstances will arise. Sadly, it's not the best idea to thoroughly examine your options in the middle of a contraction. You can discover the information you need in this section of "birthing naturally" to be ready to make decisions when faced with challenges. Families who enjoy a challenge may occasionally face external forces that make decision-making challenging. These pressures could also include:

• The expectations of family members for others to make the "right" choice
• Partners' differing perspectives on how to proceed effectively
• Testing or carers' conflicting evidence
• Lack of time to thoroughly investigate all available options

Making a choice on how to handle a labor issue can be an emotionally taxing experience when these forces are combined with the psychological strain of "protecting" your kid. Attempt to keep these three factors in mind as you consider your options. You can only make this choice using the information that is currently at your disposal. After the kid is delivered, you will have additional information, and if you had that information now, you might choose otherwise. However, since such information is not now available, it is unfair to judge the worth of your choice based on knowledge that you will only acquire after the choice has been made. Most problems can be solved in a variety of ways, and most of them will leave both mother and child in good health. The choice is based on your priorities when there are several safe methods to go. This could indicate that your choice is different from other families you know, but it does not necessarily imply that it is a poor one. You might decide to change your mind about what to do. It is helpful to evaluate how you are handling a difficulty when new information becomes available to see if your goals are still being met. If you change your mind, it does not necessarily indicate that your first choice was a mistake. It just indicates that you are responding to new knowledge as it becomes available well.

References

apmigration.ilo.org/resources/labour-migration-for-employment-a-status-report-for-nepal-2013-2014

Flippo, Edwin B. Personnel Management. London: Oxford Press, 1980.

Gynwal, Ram Prasad. Know Nepal. Kathmandu: Bhundipuran Prakashan, 2012.

Hamilton, Francis B. An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal. New Delhi: Manjushri Publishing House, 1971.

Heywood, Andrew. Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.