History of nursing in the world

History of Nursing in the World

Every culture has its own variations on nursing, despite the fact that both the name and the profession's practice have undergone significant evolution. A woman who is hired to nurse and/or generally look after a smaller child is referred to as a nurse in the oldest use of the word in the English language. The former is referred to as a wet nurse, whilst the latter is referred to as a dry nurse. This evolved in the 15th century into the notion of caring for or counseling someone, without necessarily referring to a woman caring for a kid. Although the concept of nourishing in its broadest definition now refers to improving quality of life, nursing has continued to advance in this sense. Nuns and the military frequently offered nursing-like services prior to the development of modern nursing. In many nations, the military and religious foundations of contemporary nursing are still evident today. For instance, senior female nurses are referred to as "sisters" in Britain. With the concepts outlined in the book Notes on Nursing, Florence Nightingale lay the cornerstone for professional nursing during a time of war by trying to ameliorate the conditions of troops in the Crimean War. This was a pivotal moment in nursing history.

The originator of modern nursing, Miss Florence Nightingale (Lady with Lamp), set the precedent for modern nursing following the Crimean War of 1856. She created nursing as a profession based on scientific knowledge and formal education from recognized institutions. She also founded the first official institutional nursing education in the world, but the focus of nursing was on providing care for those who were ill. She also recognized the need for nursing management to improve patient care and introduced the idea. Additionally, the idea of nursing research for evidence-based treatment was formed as a result of her success in reducing injury-related deaths from 40% to 4%. As she discussed the significance of the environment to be supplied to the patient for improvement or recovery from the sickness, she also founded the nursing theory. The idea of the environment as later described by nurse scholars is the philosophy of nursing, the environment, or both. By the time many modifications occurred, even the definition of nursing was altered and amended. Nightingale emphasized that a professional nurse should supervise and oversee nursing practice in hospitals and homes and that nursing knowledge must be separate from medical knowledge. Mary Seacole, who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea, Agnes Elizabeth Jones, and Linda Richards, who founded reputable nursing schools in the United States and Japan, and Linda Richards, who formally became America's first trained nurse after graduating from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston in 1873, are other significant nurses in the development of the profession. With the passage of the Nurse Registration Act on September 12th, 1901, New Zealand became the first nation to regulate nurses on a national level. The very first registered nurse was Ellen Dougherty. In 1903, North Carolina became the first state in the union to enact legislation requiring nursing licensure.

The medical establishment's hierarchical structure has caused nurses to struggle, and this has led to the perception that a nurse's main responsibility is to follow doctors' orders. Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, where the doctors are referenced sporadically and usually in critical tones, notably in relation to bedside manner, definitely do not exhibit this tendency. The contemporary period has witnessed the growth of nursing degrees and the emergence of various journals to widen the profession's body of knowledge. Nurses frequently hold important executive positions in the healthcare industry and work as university researchers. A pioneering career among young people today, nursing is growing in popularity thanks to improvements in service quality.

History of Nursing in Nepal

Nepal's nursing history before 1972 (2029)

 As we go back in time, we must pay a tremendous homage to Florence Nightingale, often known as "The Lady with the Lamp" (1820–1910). Millions of females around the world are helping the patients with great dignity today thanks to the light of that daring lamp, which is still shining brightly around the world. This humanitarian service was a global phenomenon that eventually reached Nepal as well. When we examine the early stages of nursing history, we see numerous methods or activities that were employed to address health issues.From the very beginning, nursing has been a part of Nepal or has been practiced there. Magic, superstition, and religious convictions were important to the ancient people. The definition of nursing has evolved from the past to the present. The concept of illness and disease patterns has changed, which has contributed to these developments along with advancements in science and technology. Today, nurses work in many different health industries and fields all over the world. Even in Nepal, these developments have taken place. However, there were some unfavorable nursing implications that had an impact on nursing. Many challenges were faced when nursing was originally introduced. There weren't many educated girls. There, what we were doing was improper. Only 15% of students in the nation were female at the time, nursing training was initially quite challenging, and society's attitudes were another issue. In the society, nursing was seen as a very low kind of service. The majority of upper class parents are against the concept of sending their kids to nursing school. Princess Prekshya Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah, who received nursing training in Nepal between 1973 and 1976 AD, tremendously influenced the country's acceptance and esteem for nurses.

Bir Hospital was founded in 1947 BS during the rule of Shree Teen Bir Shamser. As stated by Dr. Aasnath during his remarks during the founding of Bir Hospital, the hospital's mission was to give medical care to the sick citizens of the kingdom of Nepal. Two more hospitals would be built in the Terai Region at the time, it was mentioned. The Koshi Zonal Hospital was one of them. Bir Hospital was known as "Purba number 9." Only 15 inpatient beds were available, and foreign physicians and compounders handled outpatient care. There were no nurses available to care for patients from 1947 to 1985 BS. In 1985 BS, four Nepalese girls and their guardian were sent to Allahabad, India for an 18-month midwifery course after the hospital administration realized the need for nurses and midwives to care for hospital patients. The girls were Ms. Vidhyabati, Ms. Radha Devi Malakar, Ms. Dharma Devi Kansakar, and Ms. Bishnu Devi Mali. They were assigned to Bir Hospital after Ms. Bist's training was over. They began working in the female ward to take care of the female patients and perform home births. As a result, the country's focus for maternity care and child care while nursing was established. However, social issues have been a problem for the nurses. They classified nursing as low-level work since society did not view it as a respectable profession. They also believed that nursing went against sociocultural norms and blamed the profession's practitioners as being from low-income families. When other girls were eventually sent to India for the same training at different times (2008, 2009, 2010 BS and so on). The civil medical school was created in 1998 BS (1941 AD) to teach compounders and dressers at Bir Hospital. Nine Nepali ladies, Ms. Sabitri, Ms. Kamali, Ms. Asta Kumari, Ms. Shree Prabha, Ms. Prabha Laxmi, Ms. Ratna Devi, Ms. Dhana Laxmi, Ms. Purna Laxmi, and Miss Chanchala Devi, participated in this program. These women were transferred to India for a midwifery course once their training was complete. They were assigned to Bir Hospital in 2002 B.S.

Mr. Rose Powl, Director of USOH, traveled to Nepal in 2007 along with his expectant wife. Except for Radha Devi, Vidhyabati, and a Bengali midwife by the name of Kalimisene, there were no nurses there at the time. As a result, he requested that an American nurse named Ms. Wanita Owne travel to Nepal just to deliver Mrs. Powl. The Royal Hotel hosted a reception. On this occasion, late king Mahendra, who was the crown prince at the time, attended in honor of Ms. Wanita. Using this chance, Wanita talked about the shortage of nurses in Nepal and offered two nursing scholarships. In 2009 BS Miss Rukmani Charan Shrestha and Ms. Uma Devi Das were sent to India to learn registered nursing. In 2013, Miss Uma Devi Das returned, and six months later, in 2014, Miss Rukmani Charan did the same. The program had a three-year, nine-month length and a one-year internship. Eight Nepali women from the third batch were sent to India's Kamala Memorial Hospital in Illahabad in 2010 BS to receive midwifery diploma training. They were Mrs. Rupkesha Tuladhar, Mrs. Tara Devi Tuladhar, Mrs. Padmabati, Mrs. Rupa, Mrs. Mithai Devi, Mrs. Vijaya, and Mrs. Vidya. Following the training, these eight midwives began to work in Prasuti Griha. The same year, Ms. Mohan Devi Shrestha, Ms. Krishan, Ms. Jwala Devi, and Ms. Sadhana Devi were dispatched to Sri Lanka to receive training in tuberculosis nursing care. They were unable to get employment in the government T.B. hospital after completing their training. As a result, they began working at Shanta Bhawan Hospital.

The first nursing school opened its doors in Surendrabhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal in 2013 BS. Later, it was moved to the Mahabauddha Chhetrapati and Bir Hospital complex. It has been known as the "Mother Institute of Nursing Education of the Country" since 2042 and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. WHO oversaw and operated the school. There were fifteen students in the nursing school's inaugural intake; eleven of them graduated successfully, and four dropped out before 1960 A.D. (2018 BS), at which point they were still under SLC until 2018 BS. In order to uphold the quality of nursing education, the program's entrance requirements revised in 1969. The SLC pass was no longer a criterion for program acceptance. The nursing program at the time was 312 years long and was administered by the Nepali government. The "United Mission to Nepal" created a second nursing school in 1959AD, independent from the HMG school of Nursing in Mahabaudha, in Nirbhawan. The Nepal Nursing Council, which administered the graduation exams and registered the graduates, certified both institutions. The Nursing Association was founded in 1961. The organization's first name was Trained Nurses Association of Nepal (TNAN). By amending its constitution during the 5th National Nursing Conference in 2041 BS, it was called the Nursing Association of Nepal (NAN). When Nepal Council was established in 1964, all new admissions were subject to the SLC pass requirement. The Nepal Nursing Council administered the test and issued registration certificates to students who succeeded. However, it continued to be dysfunctional after the educational system changed in 1972.

When the Institute of Medicine took over Nir Bhawan Nursing School in 1972 A.D., it first became a branch of the Mahabauddha Nursing Campus and then the Maharajgunj Nursing Campus. The UMN Nir Bhawan nursing campus split apart from the Maharajgunj nursing campus in 1991, however it remains directly under the control of the IOM Dean's office. Lalitpur Nursing Campus is now the official name of the new campus. Academically, it adheres to TU and IOM laws and regulations, although United Mission to Nepal provided financial support.

The following different nursing schools and ANM training facilities were founded and later upgraded to PCL nursing.

• 2013 BS at Surendrabhawan School of Nursing.
• 2016 BS Nursing School Nirbhawan Sanepa.
• ANM Training Center Bharatpur with assistance from USAID in 2019 BS (1962).
• The ANM Training Center Biratnagar opened in 2023 BC (1966), and in 203'8 BC it was elevated to PCL nursing (1982).
• ANM Training Center Nepalgunj was elevated to PCL Nursing in 2044 BC (1969) in 2026 BC (1987).
• Tansen opened an ANM training facility in Chhetrapati in 1973 and 1975.

Nepalese nursing after 1972 A.D. (2029 BS) In accordance with the new educational framework, nursing education was transferred to Tribhuvan University's Institute of Medicine in 1972 AD along with other health-related disciplines. In 1972 AD, the nursing curriculum was altered to include 50% theory and 50% practical instruction. The certificate in nursing program was formerly known as the staff nurse training program. This modification strengthened the requirement that all new admissions have an SLC pass. The nursing program switched from a quarter-based to a semester-based style of study to conform to the other university programs. The same required courses for other university students were also required of the nursing students. The three-year nursing program was maintained even though the university semester structure was converted back to an annual one in 1980 AD. Since 1981, an SLC pass with second division honors in Science, Math, and English has been required for admittance. The late princess Prekshya Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah, along with two other friends, took nursing training from 1973 to 1976 AD. It was an honor to have a member of the royal family in the nursing profession. She made a good effect on Nepalese society as a role model for women, which inspired families to bring their daughters to this nation to pursue nursing education. The PCL nursing campus was created by IOM from the ANM and AHW campus. The nursing campuses in Biratanagar, Nepalgunj, and Pokhara were upgraded from Community Medical Assistant (CMA) schools in 1985, 2038 BS (1982 AD), and 2044 BS (1987 AD), respectively. In 1986, Birgunj Campus had a similar transformation from Health Assistant School to Nursing Campus. In 1989 AD, HMG opened the Bir Hospital Nursing Campus, which was connected to TU, IOM. As a result, some additional campuses opened and all ANM institutions were eventually upgraded to PCL nursing campuses. The seven nursing campuses in Nepal, which are as follows: Maharajgunj, Biratnagar, Pokhara, Birgunj, and Nepalgunj nursing campus, were all run by TU, IOM till 1998 AD. UMN Lalitpur Nursing Campus and Bir Hospital Nursing Campus are affiliated campuses, according to T.U. IOM. 25% of the seats were then set aside for ANMs. The reserved seats for ANMS were eliminated in 1990 AD once democracy was restored. Although male nurses are more common outside of Nepal, nursing is still widely regarded as a solitary profession worldwide. As a result, Nepal could no longer remain unaffected by global trends. Since 1986 AD, a 10% quota has been set aside each year for male candidates. Male student admission was discontinued in 1990 AD due to a change in IOM policy, and the final class of male students graduated in 1992 AD. In total, 4 batches of male students in Nepal received PCL training. In 1977 (2033), Maharajgunj Nursing Campus started a post-basic bachelor of nursing program in midwifery. Also opened and manufactured for a short time were communal (1980 AD), adult (1983 AD), and pediatric (1984 AD). The post-basic bachelor program was changed in 1984 AD as a result of awareness of the practical challenges associated with putting nursing graduates in their speciality and the lack of faculty resources. Since 1989 AD (2045 B.S. ), a course has been developed to offer a comprehensive program in two tracks for graduates: community nursing and hospital nursing. The 1980s were the pinnacle of nursing education; at this time, both the quantity and quality of nursing education grew.

The Maharajgunj Nursing Campus launched a post-basic bachelor of nursing program in midwifery in 1977 (2033). In addition, they were opened and produced for a brief time in the community (1980 AD), the adult (1983 AD), and the pediatric (1984 AD). In 1984 AD, the post-basic bachelor program was altered in recognition of the practical challenges associated with putting nursing graduates in their area of expertise and the lack of faculty resources. Since 1989 AD (2045 B.S. ), the course has been structured to offer a comprehensive program in one of two tracks—Hospital Nursing and Community Nursing—to better prepare graduates. The 1980s were the pinnacle of nursing education, with both quantitative and qualitative advancements being made during this time. The SLTHP seeks to eliminate healthcare disparities by guaranteeing gender sensitivity and equitable community access to high-quality medical treatment. The SLTHP aims to develop appropriate strategies, programs, and action plans that reflect national health priorities and are affordable and consistent with available resources. It also establishes coordination between the public, private, and NGO sectors as well as development partners. These goals will improve the health status of the population. The potential for nurses to work in high level positions with dynamic roles is expanded due to the private, NGO sector's involvement in delivering health promotion, preventive and curative services as government priority areas (opportunity extended as a numerically and the position role). Many experienced nurses are employed by both domestic and foreign NGOs. They were given the chance to take part in numerous health programs and socially and economically healthy development. WHO had brought up the issues of an overstock of doctors and a shortage of nurses at that time (2000 AD), as well as the need to support nursing and midwifery. In the USA, the shortage of nurses had reached a crisis point and was weakening the entire healthcare system. According to a global analysis of nursing and midwifery in two countries for each WHO region, including Nepal, no development had been made. In order to strengthen nursing and midwifery in Nepal, MOH created five strategic plans for the first time with the help of a nurses' group. This is regarded as one of the key strategies for enhancing the healthcare system (2002-2007). It provided the first definition of nursing in Nepal as well, but the problem still remained because the strategy had not been implemented in NHP, with the exception of a few things like the designation of two senior nurses for the focal point. The MOH clinical division's nursing focal point was formed in 2003, and two high-level nursing officers were appointed to the position (2005).

The nurse educators were encouraged to launch the postgraduate nursing program at the time since the area of nursing education needed to be self-sufficient in human resources. Starting a master's degree nursing program was advised by feasibility studies conducted in 1991 AD and national nursing education seminars held in 1993 AD. IOM and WHO worked together to establish the curriculum. At Maharajgunj Nursing, a Master in Women's Health and Development was introduced. With the intention of enhancing the general health of women, in 1995. Safe parenthood is a concept. To protect the lives of women and children, particularly newborns, campus with t initiatives have been started all around the world, including in Nepal. because it was understood that preserving the lives of mothers and children requires more than just health treatment. It must address the sociocultural problems that exist in society and have an impact on women's and children's health. It also introduced adult nursing at the master's level in 2000 (2057) and child health nursing in 2001. In 2016 AD, the Maharajgunj Nursing Campus began offering master's programs in psychiatric nursing. In the near future, a master's program in community nursing will be offered. The Maharajgunj Nursing Campus introduced its major in psychiatric nursing in 2057. It was still possible to specialize in hospital, community, and psychiatric nursing at the bachelor's level until 2012, but starting with the 2013 intake, the stream is once more divided into psychiatric, adult, and pediatric nursing. The bachelor's degree in nursing is now known as the Bachlor in Nursing Science. Additionally, B.Sc. With 20 students, the nursing program was also launched in Maharajgunj in 2005 AD. Since 2015 AD, it has been raised to 40 in each academic year.

Following the popular movement of 1990, when education was no longer the state's responsibility, various private sectors launched nursing campuses. The first B.Sc. program was started by BPKIHS (Dharan). The nation's nursing program in 1996. The second batch only had 10 pupils instead of the prior batch's 20 (ten male and ten female). It began offering a master's degree in nursing in 2008 with a focus on community health nursing and psychiatric nursing. In 2011, it added midwifery nursing and child health nursing, and in 2012, it added medical-surgical nursing. In addition, post-basic nursing bachelor's programs began in 2012 AD. Other private nursing colleges began offering PCL and bachelor-level nursing programs at the B.Sc. or post-basic levels through other universities. The first private campus to launch a post-basic nursing program through Purbanchal University was the National Institute of Health Sciences, which also introduced a B.Sc. nursing degree in 2005 A.D. Numerous organizations have already established PBBN and BSN programs under PU.

In Nepal, CTEVT opened a PCL nursing school and an ANM school in 2057 B.S. (2000 AD). The B.Sc. Nursing program at Kathmandu University was launched in 2004. Numerous TU-affiliated universities now offer nursing bachelor's and master's degree programs. A private university connected to TU called Chitwan School of Medical Sciences has been offering BN and B.Sc. programs since 2007 and 2008, respectively. Additionally, the Master of Nursing program started in 2010 with a focus on adult nursing and later added specialties in women's development and child health nursing in 2012. In 2008, the National Medical College in Birgunj began offering BN and B.Sc. nursing. In 2010 under the auspices of TU and IOM, A.D. Lalitpur Nursing Campus launched master's programs with a focus on women's health. In 2011, it introduced adult nursing, and in 2012, it began offering B.SC. nursing. The master of nursing program has now begun its community and child health course. Currently, Patan Academy of Health Science is affiliated with Lalitpur Nursing Campus (PAHS). The National Academy for Medical Science has launched a BN and master program at Bir Hospital Nursing Campus (NAMS). In 2011, the Pokhara Nursing Campus launched a Masters program with a focus on adult nursing. Starting in 2011, the Maharajgunj Nursing Campus has a PHD program in operation. In 2072 BC, the yearly admission to the certificate nursing program at the Maharajgunj nursing school was stopped in accordance with the education policy that gradually eliminates certificate level from university programs (2015 AD). Only four nursing colleges at TU and PCL are currently offering nursing programs since Lalitpur Nursing Campus and Bir Hospital Nursing Campus received affiliations from PAHS and NAMS, respectively. There are now numerous campuses for PCL under KU, BPKIHS, PU, Pokhara University, and CTEVT, as well as for bachelor's degree programs in nursing.