Structure and functions of membranes, gland, cartilage

Cartilage

Cartilages lack blood vessels and nerves, in contrast to other connective tissue. It is made up of numerous collagenous and elastic fibers that are solidly embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Collagenous fibers are what give the tissue its strength. Chondrocytes are the name of the cells that make up mature cartilage. Perichondrium, a dense connective tissue with an erratic arrangement, surrounds the surface of cartilage. There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibro, and elastic cartilage.

• Hyaline cartilage: It has a bluish-white tint and can support weight. It is the body's most prevalent type of cartilage. It creates costal cartilage and is found at joints across long bones as articular cartilage (at ventral end of ribs). Additionally, it creates the larynx, bronchi, trachea, and bronchial tubes. It creates the embryonic skeleton, supports breathing, promotes joint freedom, and helps the rib cage move when breathing.
• Fibro cartilage: Of the three types of cartilage, this tissue is the most durable. They are located in the intervertebral discs, the knee, and the symphysis pubis. It offers assistance and defense.
• Elastic cartilage: The chondrocyte and elastic cartilage are located in a network of elastic fibers that resembles a thread. Certain epiglottis, the larynx, the external ear, and the Eustachian tube are held in shape by elastic cartilage, which provides strength and elasticity.

Tissues

• Osseous (Bone) Tissue: The bone is made up of osseous or bone tissue as well as other connective tissues (such as the periosteum, a yellow bone marrow). Con or spongy osseous tissue is the two categories. Osteocytes, mature bone cells, are embedded in the intercellular matrix, which is made up of collagenous fibers and mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate). The skeletal system is made up of the osseous tissue, cartilage, and joints.
• Vascular Tissue (Blood Tissue): This connective tissue is liquid. It contains plasma, an intercellular material. Plasma is a liquid with a straw color that contains water and dissolved material. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes are the formed blood components. When blood clots, its fibrous properties are visible.
• Muscle Tissue: Muscle fibers, also known as myocytes, are highly specialized cells found in muscle tissue that can use ATP to produce force. As a result, it promotes motion, posture maintenance, and heat production. Muscles are categorized according to their structure and function. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues make up the three types of muscle tissue.
  • Skeletal muscle tissue are attached to bones, it is voluntary, cylindrical, multinucleated and
  • Cardiac muscle tissue: It forms the wall of the heart; it is involuntary, uni-nucleated and striated.
  • Smooth muscle tissue: located in the wall of hollow internal structure like  blood vessels, stomach,intestine and urinary bladder. It is involuntary and non-striated

Membranes

The membranes are flexible, thin layers of connective or epithelial tissue. They encircle body cavities, cover body surfaces, link or divide various body regions, structures, and organs. Mucous, serous, and synovial membranes are the three different types.

• Mucous membranes: Body cavities that have direct outside access are lined with mucosa. It is a layer of epithelium. The whole gastro intestinal, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts are lined with mucous membranes, which make up the epithelium's lining layer. Lamina propria is the connective tissue layer of the mucous membrane. Mucus membranes secrete mucous to stop drying out and to catch particles.
• Serous membrane / serosa: It has a layer of mesothelium atop loose connective tissue. It covers internal organs and lines body cavities that don't open directly to the outside. The parietal layer (pertaining to the outside) and the visceral layer make up the serosa (pertaining to be near to the organ). The serous membranes that line the thoracic and heart cavities, respectively, are pericardium and pleura. Serous fluid is a lubricating fluid that is secreted by the epithelial layer of a serous membrane. Organs can readily glide over one another because to the fluid.
• Cutaneous membrane/skin: It is the body's outermost layer, which externally covers every body part. It has areolar tissue, dense connective tissue, and epithelium. Protection, homeostasis, metabolism, sensation, and mobility are its primary functions.
•  Synovial membrane: This membrane lacks epithelium in contrast to other membranes. It is not an epithelial membrane, therefore. In joints, it secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones.