Circulatory System: Blood; composition of blood- Cells, plasma, Coagulation factors

Blood

A complicated fluid, blood. This connective tissue is liquid. However, it differs from other connective tissues in that its cells move freely in the plasma, the liquid component of blood, as opposed to being fixed in place. Specifically, blood carries nutrients from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. Then, blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste from different organs to be expelled from the body.

Characteristics of Blood

• Depending on how much oxygen it contains, blood can range in hue from bright to dark red. Blood is a viscous (thick) fluid.
• The amount varies depending on the size of the individual: an adult typically has 4 to 6 L of blood (female 4-5 L; male 5-6 L).
• 8% of the total weight of the body is made up of blood.
• Blood has a temperature of 38 C (100.4 F).
• 7.35 to 7.45 pH scale
• Flavor: salty
• 1.052 to 1.060 for specific gravity
• 25 mm of Hg is the osmotic pressure.
• 4.5 times as viscous as water

Functions of Blood

• Transportation
  • It transfers oxygen to other organs from the lungs. It transports carbon dioxide for elimination to the lungs.
  • From the digestive system to other organs, it transports nutrients.
  • It transports water to the kidneys and liver for elimination or detoxifying.
  • It transports hormones from their sources to the organs they influence.
  • It transfers heat to the skin for elimination and aids in controlling body temperature.
• Protection
  • Inflammation is a complex process involving blood.
  • Cancer cells and germs are eliminated by leukocytes.
  • Blood proteins such as antibodies and other proteins help to kill bacteria or neutralize poisons.
  • The platelet factors in blood help to start clotting and prevent excessive blood loss.
• Regulation
  • At moves water between tissues, stabilizing the water balance.
  • Helps keep the pH of body fluids at about 7.4 by buffering acids and bases.

Composition of Blood

The two primary components of blood are cells and the fragments of those cells, which are referred to as corpuscles or formed elements. The liquid component of blood is called plasma. Nearly and formed elements about 45% of the total blood volume are made up of plasma.

Plasma

Proteins, enzymes, nutrients, water, and other substances can all be found in blood plasma, which is a straw-colored liquid. Plasma makes up more than half of the entire blood volume. On average, the plasma is made up of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes that are either suspended in or dissolved in water. Blood serum, which is basically identical to plasma but for the lack of clotting proteins, is what remains after allowing blood to clot and removing the solid components.

The clear, straw-colored fluid known as serum seeps from blood clots. Blood clots when it is lost or gathered in a container. The fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin during this process, and the blood cells are then trapped in this fibrin, forming blood clots. Approximately 45 minutes later, serum oozes from the blood clot.

Substances in Plasma

• Water (90-92%): Blood's liquid component is water. It transports heat while serving as a solvent and heat absorber.
• Plasma proteins (7.0%): By weight, protein makes up the majority of plasma solutes (6–9 g/dl). Plasma proteins are involved in many different bodily processes, including as clotting, defense, transport, and tissue growth and regeneration. Proteins fall into three main categories:
  • The albumins
  • The globulins T
  • The fibrinogen
• Albumin: The tiniest and most prevalent plasma proteins, albumins are created by ver. The blood viscosity and plasma osmotic pressure are both stabilized by albumins. Additionally, they serve as transport proteins for various steroid hormones, including thyroxine and corticosteroids, as well as other small molecules.
• Globulins: The liver and plasma cells that form from B lymphocytes produce globulins. Alpha, beta, and gamma globulins are the three subclasses that they fall under. Immune globulins called globulins help fight off bacteria and viruses.
• Fibrinogen: The liver produces fibrinogens. It is crucial to the process of blood clotting.
• Nutrients: Blood plasma carries nutrients that are absorbed by the digestive system. Glucose, amino acids, and fats and cholesterol are some of them.
• Gases: Some of the oxygen and carbon dioxide carried by the blood are transported by plasma. Additionally, nitrogen is present, which typically plays no physiological role in the body.
• Electrolytes: Some of the oxygen and carbon dioxide carried by the blood are transported by plasma. It also includes nitrogen, which Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg2+), phosphate (HPO42), and bicarbonate are some of the inorganic salts known as electrolytes (HCO3-). More sodium ions than any other solute contribute to the blood's osmolarity, making up around 90% of the plasma's cations. Therefore, sodium has a significant impact on blood volume and pressure. These electrolytes are essential for cell activity, nerve impulse transmission, and osmotic pressure maintenance. In the body, ch typically plays no physiological purpose.
• Regulatory substances: Endocrine gland hormones control growth and development and metabolism. Body cells produce enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions.
• Waste products: Protein metabolism produces waste products, which are transported to excretory organs by blood. They include creatinine, urea, and uric acid, among others.
• Antibodies and Antitoxin: Various immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.