Anatomical position of the body: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, dorsal, ventral, palmer, lateral, supine, prone

Body Region:

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton are the two sections that make up the skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

The skull, spinal column, sternum (or breast bone), and ribs make up the axial skeleton, which runs along the center of the body.

Skull

• The cranium, which houses the brain, and the face are the two parts of the skull that are described.
• It is made up of several bones that grow separately and then come together as they mature.
• The mandible, or lower jaw, is the only movable bone.
  
  Functions of the Skull
  The many components of the skull serve a variety of distinct and specialized purposes and are, in brief:
  • Protection of the brain, eyes, and inner ear, among other delicate structures
  • Keeping the nasal passageways open so you can breathe
  • Eating: The mandible and maxilla, where the teeth are embedded, move to allow chewing.

Spinal column

The sacrum and coccyx are added to the 24 moveable vertebrae that make up the vertebral column. Intervertebral discs, which are made of cartilage, divide the bones' bodies from one another. The vertebral column is divided into five sections, with the bones of each section being numbered from the top down.

• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 1 sacrum (5 fused bones)
• 1 coccyx (4 fused bones).

The atlas, the first cervical vertebra, joins (articulates) with the skull. Each vertebra thus joins with the vertebrae just above and below to form a joint. The cervical and lumbar regions have greater potential for adequatem than the thoracic region. The coccyx, the vertebra above, the innominate (pelvic or hip) bone at either side, and the vertebra above and below all articulate with the sacrum, which is made up of five fused vertebrae. The four terminal vertebrae are fused together to form the coccyx, a tiny triangular bone that connects to the sacrum above. 

Functions of the Spinal column:  The vertebral column serves a number of crucial purposes.

• It safeguards the spinal column. The vertebral foramen, which are found in each vertebra, come together to form a canal that houses the spinal cord.
• Inter-vertebral foramina, formed by adjacent vertebrae, provide protection for the spinal nerves as they exit the spinal cord.
• The ribs and vertebrae in the thoracic area form joints that allow the ribcage to move during respiration.

Thoracic Cage

The following structures make up the thoracic cage:

• Thoracic vertebrae: 12
• twelve sets of ribs.
• 1 breastbone or sternum

Functions of the Thoracic Cage : The thoracic cage serves the following purposes:

• The heart, lungs, and big blood vessels are among the thoracic organs that are safeguarded by it.
• It creates joints between the axial skeleton and the upper limbs. The only joints connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton are those formed by the manubrium, which is the top section of the sternum.
• It provides attachment for the breathing muscles. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs move forward and outward, expanding the thoracic cage's capacity, and inspiration takes place.
• The muscle that divides the thoracic and abdominal chambers is known as the diaphragm. It makes breathing possible.

 Appendicular Skeleton

The shoulder girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs make up the appendicular skeleton.

The Shoulder Girdles and Upper Limbs

A clavicle and a scapula make up each shoulder. Each upper limb is made up of:

• 1 humerus
• 1 radius
• 1 ulna
• 8 carpal bones
• 5 metacarpal bones
• 14 phalanges.

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

The sacrum and the two innominate bones make up the pelvic girdle. Each lower limb is made up of:

• 1 tibia
• 1 fibula
• 1 patella .  
• 7-tarsal bones
• 5 metatarsal bones
• 1 femur
• 14 phalanges

Functions of the Appendicular Skeleton

There are two primary purposes for the appendicular skeleton:

• The skeleton moves voluntarily thanks to the involvement of the bones, muscles, and joints of the limbs. This includes the coordinated use of all limbs necessary for running and jumping as well as the extremely precise finger movements required for writing.
• Blood vessels and nerves that run the length of the bones in the limbs are shielded from harm by the muscles and skin that are connected to them.