Male Reproductive Organs-1

The testes, a network of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra), accessory sex glands, and a number of supporting structures, such as the scrotum and the penis, make up the male reproductive system's primary sex organ or gonads. The production of sperm and its delivery to the vagina are the male's reproductive roles. Different structures are needed for these functions.

Functions of the Male Reproductive System:

• The male sex hormone testerone and sperm are both made in the testes.
• The ducts help to store, transport, and mature sperm.
• The majority of the semen's liquid component is secreted by the accessory sex glands.
• The urethra, a passageway for the ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine, is located in the penis.
• Testes are supported by the scrotum.

Organs of the Male Reproductive System:

The male reproductive system's organs can be separated into internal and external génitalia for descriptive purposes.

• External Genitalia
  • Scortum-2
  • Testes-2
  • Penis - 1
• Internal Genitala
  • Epididymis-2
  • Vas deference-2
  • Ejaculatory duct-2
  • Urethra
  • Accessary sex glands
  • Seminal Vessicale-2
  • Prostate gland- 1
  • Bulbo-urethral gland

External Genitalia

1. Scrotum:

The testes, the epididymis, and the lower portion of the spermatic cord are contained in the scortum, which is the sac-like supporting structure suspended between the thighs. It is made up of excess skin and superficial fascia that hangs from the penis's root. It is located behind the penis, between the tops of the thighs, and below the symphysis pubis. It has two compartments inside, one for each testis. The muscular tissue known as the dartos muscle and superficial fascia make up the septum (bundle of smooth muscle fiber). The position of the scortum and muscle fiber contraction control testicular temperature. A temperature that is more than 2-3°C below the core body temperature is necessary for normal sperm production.

2. Testes:

The testes, often known as testicles, are paired male reproductive glands (gonads) that function similarly to female ovaries. The scrotum is where the testes are located. Each testis measures 5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick. It weighs between 10-15 grams. Spermatozoa and testosterone are created in the testes. Secondary sex traits arise as a result of testosterone. Sperm generation is encouraged by the hormones testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Testes start to form high in the abdominal cavity, close to the kidneys, during fetal life. The testes begin to descend by the third fetal month and pass into the inguinal canal by the end of the seventh month as the fetus develops. Shortly before or right after birth, the tests reach the bottom of the scrotum.

Structure of the Testes:

Three layers of tissue around the testes.

• Tunica vaginalis: When the testis moved from the lumbar area to the vaginal region during fetal life, the outer layer of peritoneum that makes up the tunica vaginalis was also pulled down. It has two folds, creating a layer of parietal and visceral tissue. Muscle from the cremaster lines it.
• Tunica albuginea: The testes are divided into 200–300 lobules by the tunica albuginea, a fibrous layer that grows over the visceral tunica vaginalis. It extends into the testicular material and creates the mediastinum testes, an imperfect vertical septum. The mediastinum of the testes contains the testicular arteries and ducts.
• Tunica vasculosa: A small network of capillaries can be found in this inner layer of connective tissue.

Each testis has 200–300 lobules, each of which includes 400–600 seminiferous tubules that are only loosely coiled and can produce thousands of sperm each second. There are 2 to 3 seminiferous tubule in each lobule. The length of the seminiferous tubule when it is uncoiled is roughly 75 cm. The tubules are wound so that both ends connect to a string of parallel tubes that come together to form a network known as rete testes. Spermatogonia, a kind of germinal tissue, lines the seminiferous tubules' walls.

The spermatogenic cells that create sperm and the sustentacular cells, also known as sertoli cells, which nurture, protect, and nourish the germinal sperm, are both present in the seminiferous tubules' germinal tissue. A sperm cell (spermatozoa) is discharged into the seminiferous tubules once it has developed.

Interstitial endocrinocytes, also known as Leydig cells, are groups of endocrine cells that secrete the male sex hormone between the seminiferous tubules (androgens). The development of male traits is encouraged by androgen.

Blood Supply of the Testes:

The testicular artery supplies blood to the testes. The pampiniform plexus drains the venous blood into the inferior vena cava on the right side and the left renal vein on the other.

Nerve Supply of the Testes

The testicular plexus feeds the sympathetic (motor and sensory) fibers. The testes have also been shown to have parasympathetic fibers.

3. Sperm:

The male gamate cell is the sperm. The head, middle, and tail of the developed spermatozoa are present. The acrosome, which resembles a cap and contains many enzymes to aid sperm penetration of the ovum, is located near the tip of the head.

A chromosome-containing nucleus is located in the middle of the skull. It has a genetic make-up. The majority of the coiled mitochondria in the middle section are used to produce energy for tail movement. One of the tiniest cells in the human body is the sperm. Each sperm requires 74 days for full development. Normally, each ejaculation releases 200 to 500 million sperms. The majority of sperm do not remain in the female reproductive system for more than 48 hours after being ejaculated.

Spermatogenesis:

The process by which spermatogoniums (stem cells) grow into adult spermatozoa is known as spermatogenesis. Seminiferous tubules are the site of spematogenesis, which begins when a male reaches puberty. About 75 days are needed for a spermatogonium to mature into a spermatozoon.

As it develops, the spermatogonium transforms and separates into primary spermatocytes. Through the process of meiosis, each primary spermatocyte transforms into a secondary spermatocyte. Then, meiosis produces the four haploid cells known as spermatids. The spermatid transforms into a single sperm cell during the last stage of spermatogenesis. Sperminogenesis is the name for this last phase.