Definition of Anatomy, physiology, various suffix and prefix used in anatomy and physiology

body organisationThe foundation for comprehending the parts and functions of the body is laid by the two scientific disciplines of anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy

The term "anatomy," which means "to cut or cutting up," comes from the Greek word "Anatome." It is the study of the shapes or constructions that make up the body and their interactions. Dissection, which involves carefully slicing and separating tissue to reveal the structure and relationships, is the most effective technique for studying anatomy. There are numerous subspecialties within the study of anatomy.

• Gross Anatomy: The term "gross anatomy" describes bodily features that are visible to the unaided eye. It is also known as macroanatomy. Regional anatomy analyzes both parts geographically, whereas systemic anatomy explores the functional interactions of organs within a system. For the study of gross anatomy, system and regional techniques can both be applied.
• Microscopic Anatomy: The structure of cells and tissues as seen through a microscope, such as in histology and cytology, is known as microscopic anatomy.
• Physiology: Physiology is the study of bodily function and mostly deals with the “What they do and how they do it?" The majority of our understanding of how our bodies work comes from experimental science.
  • Sub-specialities of Physiology:
    • Neurophysiology: It is the study of physiology of neurons
    • Endocrinology: It is the study of physiology of hormones.
    • Pathophysiology: It is the study of mechanism of disease.

You cannot separate physiology from anatomy. All physiology, which is the result of cells creating tissue and organs, is in fact made possible by anatomy, which is the result of a specific structural arrangement of molecules, cells, and tissues. These two features of the human body work in unison and complement one another.

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

 Anatomy and physiology cannot be separated from each other. For instance, without understanding the anatomy of the lungs, it would be impossible to understand how they function. Similar to this, studying structure without comprehension of function would be pointless. As a result, all physiology is made possible by anatomy, and all physiology is the result of cell physiology, which creates tissue and organs.

The level of Structural Complexity

The structure and function of the human body are divided into a variety of progressively more complex structural and functional units, starting with atoms, molecules, and compounds and progressing in size and complexity to cells, tissues, organs, and the systems that make up the entire organism.

• Organ systems make up the organism.
• Organs make up the system of organs.
• The cells that make up the organs are.
• A tissue is made up of cells.
• Organelles make up a portion of the cells.
• Molecules make up the organelles.
• Atoms make up molecules, and particles at the subatomic level make up atoms.
   
• Atoms molecules and compounds: Atoms make up the body at its most fundamental level. Sub-atomic particles make up atoms. Molecules are created by the fusion of atoms. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the elements that make up living things most frequently.

           Atoms → molecule compounds

• Cells: The smallest autonomous living unit of life is a cell. Human cells come in a wide variety of kinds, although they all share several characteristics. All life depends on the numerous chemical processes that take place inside of cells. Some of these processes include growth, reproduction, metabolism, and irritability. With the exception of bacteria, all eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus at some point during their lifespan and are surrounded by a gelatinous fluid called cytoplasm. The field of cytology is the study of cells.

•  Tissue: Tissue in made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function. The study of tissues is called histology. The entire body is composed of only four primary class of tissue. These are epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular tissue.

  • Epithelial tissues: They are present on organs, blood and lymph vessels, and body cavities in the outer layer of the skin and have the ability to produce secretions.

  • Connective tissues: Most body parts are connected and supported by these; some also transport or store materials. They are primarily made up of adipose tissue, blood, skin, and bone.

  • Muscle tissues: Specializes in contraction and, through this ability, provides movement. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle are all made up of muscle tissue.

  • Nerve tissues: They have been specifically designed to produce and transmit electrochemical impulses that control bodily processes. The brain, spinal cord, and other organs contain them.

• Organ: An organ is a structure made up of two or more different tissue types that collaborate to perform a specific function. Organs are divided from nearby structures by distinct boundaries. The liver, lungs, stomach, and kidney are a few examples of organs. All types of tissue make up the organs.

•  System: An organ system is a collection of organs that collaborate to carry out a single, overarching task, such as digestion, respiration, or circulation. There are eleven distinct systems in the human body, including the integumentary, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

• Organism level: The organism consists of a single whole person. The body's various systems and organs make up the entire organism.

body orgamisation

The Organ Sysytem

 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism

Since every living thing contains one or more cells, this is the main distinction between living things and non-living things. These fundamental units are capable of carrying out all activities, including those related to life, including growth and repair, reproduction, respiration, movement, and response (organisms). Therefore, the eight qualities listed below describe a living thing.

• Reproduction: Reproduction is the process through which a living organism can make duplicates of itself.
• Nutrition: Different types of living things consume and utilize nutrients in very different ways. In the human body, complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler molecules through digestion, which are then absorbed and reorganized to form complex molecules, which are then incorporated into the protoplasm and serve as building blocks for tissue growth, repair, and energy release.
• Growth: All living things have the capacity to expand and gain size and weight. Growth is the name for this phenomenon. Both the number of cells and the size of the existing cells may increase. Because of this, there is a rise in protoplasm, which leads to the growth of living things. Although non-living things don't develop into living things, some of them may be brought about by the addition of materials of their own kind to their surfaces.
• Respiration: Living things breathe, which is just a component of respiration and is frequently referred to as external respiration, by taking in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. On the one hand, it makes sure that organisms receive oxygen, and on the other, it ensures that organisms release carbon dioxide. Internal respiration refers to the process of releasing energy. Respiration is the term used to describe the process of both breathing and releasing energy.
• Excretion: It is the process of eliminating poisons or waste products from the body. The body's chemical processes produce harmful waste products, which must be either eliminated or preserved in a harmless state. Living things store them in harmless forms through this action. These include carbon dioxide (extracted by the lungs), excessive salt and water (extracted by the skin and kidneys), and unutilized waste food (extracted by the body). Additionally, the body continuously loses extra heat through the skin. Non-living things are incapable of excretion.
• Movement: Everything that is alive moves in some way. Moving bodily parts or the entire body is a property of living things. Locomotion is the term for movements that involve changing location. Animals with intelligence can bend their entire bodies or just certain parts of them to display movement. Non-living things typically don't move, but they occasionally can when an external force is applied.
•  Responsiveness to stimuli: All living things typically have the capacity to recognize changes in their immediate environment and the ability to respond to those changes by acting or behaving in a way that benefits them. The ability to influence a response is known as irritability or sensitivity. Such activity on the parts or organisms is referred to as responsiveness. Nonliving objects lack these characteristics.