Cognitive Perspective

Subject: Behavioral Science

Overview

According to a psychologist from Switzerland, children in that region of the world developed cognitively through a fixed progression of four phases. He proposed that a child advances to the next stage when they attain the proper level of development and are exposed to experiences that are appropriate for that stage. The sensory-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage are the four phases of cognitive development.

As Stated by Piaget

According to a psychologist from Switzerland, children in that region of the world developed cognitively through a fixed progression of four phases. He proposed that a child advances to the next stage when they attain the proper level of development and are exposed to experiences that are appropriate for that stage.

The four phases of cognitive growth are as follows

  • Sensory-Motor Stage
    • Birth through age two.
    • Children learn about the world during this testing period by touching, sucking, chewing, shaking, and manipulating objects.
    • Children cannot use visuals, language, or other symbols in the early stages of a stage.
    • They are incapable of conceptualizing stable objects (the awareness of object for people continue to exist even if they are out of sight).
    • After nine months, when they have acquired object permanence, they will start looking for lost objects.
  • Preoperational Stage
    • 2–7 years.
    • Language is used at this level. They are able to convey feelings, events, and individuals.
    • They pretend playfully and use symbols (using other objects as something else).
    • They engage in egocentric thought, which is when a youngster uses language from his or her own point of view and has trouble understanding the perspectives of others. For instance, because I like mangoes, Daddy also does.
    • They held the opinion that inanimate objects can perform acts. For instance, stars shine brighter in the sky when they are joyful.
    • They don't comprehend how causes and effects work. For instance, if a youngster hears a dog bark and then a balloon pops, the child can infer that the dog's barking is to blame.
    • They are not aware of mass conservation.
  • Concrete Operational Stage
    • Ages 7 to 12.
    • This stage can be identified by the proper application of reasoning.
    • They begin approaching issues more logically.
    • Thinking in the abstract or hypothetical is still developing.
    • Children are taught laws like conservation.
    • They acquire the ability to reason and limit their problem-solving to actual things.
  • Formal Operational Stage
    • Twelve years until adulthood.
    • This stage results in a new kind of abstract, formal, and logical thinking.

At this point, a person is capable of hypothetical deductive reasoning, which involves utilizing logical arguments to derive specific conclusions from abstract ideas.

Things to remember
  • According to a psychologist from Switzerland, children in that region of the world developed cognitively through a fixed progression of four phases.
  • He proposed that a child advances to the next stage when they attain the proper level of development and are exposed to experiences that are appropriate for that stage.
  • The sensory-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage are the four phases of cognitive development.
Questions and Answers

The four stages of cognitive development:

  1. Sensory-motor stage:
  • Birth to 2 years
  • During this test stage, children understand the world by touching, sucking, chewing, shaking and manipulating objects.
  • In the initial part of a stage, children cannot use images, language other symbols.
  • They lack the conception of objects permanent (the awareness of object for people continue to exist even if they are out of sight).
  • After 9 months they develop object permanence, they will begin to search for missing object.
  1. Preoperational stage:
  • 2 to 7 years
  • This stage is a use of language. They can describe people, event, and feelings.
  • They use symbols in play pretending (using other objects as something else).
  • They use egocentric thought ( a way of thinking in which the child used the word from his/her own perspective and difficulty seeing the viewpoint of other). E.g. I like mango, so daddy likes mango too.
  • They believed that inanimate objects are capable of actions. For e.g. star twinkles in the sky because they are happy.
  • They do not understand the cause and effect. For e.g. If a child hears a dog bark then a balloon popped the child would conclude that the balloon because of dog barked.
  • They are unaware of conservation of mass.
  1. Concrete operational stage:
  • 7 to 12 years
  • This stage is characterized by an appropriate use of logic.
  • They start solving problems in a more logical way.
  • Abstract or hypothetical thinking in not yet developed.
  • Children learns rules such as conservation.
  • They learn reasoning capacity, problem-solving capacity limit to actual events or objects.
  1. Formal operational stage:
  • 12 years to adulthood
  • This stage produces a new kind of thinking that is abstract formal and logical.

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