Definition of Various Health Indicators

Guidelines for evaluating health programs are provided by WHO. Indicators are defined as variables that aid in measuring changes. They are frequently employed, especially when changes in things like health condition cannot be measured directly.

A health indicator describes the condition and state of a certain community. According to the WHO, a health indicator is a variable that can be used to evaluate changes in a community and to compare, describe, and analyze numerical data among individuals, families, communities, and nations.

Crude birth rate:

• The number of live births per 1,000 of the estimated midyear population in a given year is the birth rate, which is the most basic indicator of fertility. The following formula can be used to define the crude birth rate:
• CBR = (Number of live births during the year)/(Estimated mid year population) * 1000

For example:

• Number of live births during the last year of Dhapakhel VDC, 10000 (n)
• Estimated midyear population of Dhapakhel VDC+ 100000 population (P)
• Using formula,
• CBR = n / p * 1000 = (10000 * 1000)/100000
• So, that CBR = 100/1000 population
• CDR = In Nepal 8.5/1000 * (2009/2010)

Crude death rate (CDR):

• The CDR measures the number of fatalities (from all causes) per 1,000 residents each year in a specific geographic area.
• Number of deaths occurred in a year Estimated mid year population x 1000.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

• Deaths at this age are brought on by a unique set of ailments and diseases to which the adult population is less exposed or more resistant. Specific health programs have an immediate and direct impact on infant mortality, which can change more quickly than the overall death rate.
• IMR= (No. of death of children less than) * (1year of age in a year)/( Number of live birth in the same year) *1000
• According to the definition, it is "the ratio of infant deaths registered in a given year to the total number of live births registered in the same year, commonly stated as a rate per 1000 prime prime." Infant mortality is a highly sensitive indicator of a population's health and standard of life, according to demographers. Demographers treat infant mortality separately because it is the most common cause of death among all age groups.

Neonatal mortality rate:

• Nepal has a neonatal death rate of 20 per 1000 live births. By the years 2012–2013, this ought to be lowered to 16. (3 years Interim plan) Number of infant deaths under 28 days in a year Live births in that year, 1000

Maternal mortality rate (MMR):

• Regardless of the length or location of the pregnancy, MMR is defined by the WHO as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any causes linked to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes." In poor nations, both the maternal and newborn mortality rates are relatively high. They offer an alternative to the nation's subpar living circumstances, illiteracy, socioeconomic problems, and health care services. As of 2009/010, Nepal's maternal death rate was 229 per 100,000 live births.
• MMR = Total no. of female deaths due to complication pregnancy child birth or within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in a year *100000 No. of live and still-births in that year

Foetal death-rate (still - birthrate):

• No. of foetal death 28 weeks of gestation Or more occurring in a year x 1000
• No. of live-births + late foetal deaths (still birth) in that year

Perinatal mortality rate:

• According to the WHO definition, "Death occurs in late pregnancy (at 22 weeks of gestation and over), during childbirth, and up to seven days after birth." The (late) foetal mortality and the (early) neonatal mortality are added to determine the perinatal mortality.
• Perinatal mortality = No. of foetal deaths after 22 weeks or more and (neonataldeathunder * 7daysofaoe)/(Totalnumberofbirthduringthesameyear) * 100

Incidence rate:

• No. of new cases of a specific disease (duringagiventimeperiod(year))/(Estimatedmid - yearpopulation) * 1000

Prevalence rate:

• Prevalence rate, for diseases like cancer, diabetes, etc., is the total number of people who have ever experienced an incident of the disease (both old and new) at a specific moment (or during a specific period) divided by the population at risk for the condition at that time.
• Prevalence rate = The total no. of all cases of disease at a particular time Population at risk of the disease at that point of time x100

Life expectancy:

• The average number of years that a person of that age may anticipate to live, based on the country's mortality pattern, is referred to as life expectancy or expectation of life. The number of years that a person of a certain age may anticipate living is called life expectancy. It is employed to gauge the population's state of health. 0 Additionally, it is employed to gauge socioeconomic growth in general. Because it does not account for the impact of infant mortality, it is thought that life expectancy at one year of age is a better predictor of health condition than life expectancy at birth. Estimates of life expectancy are made separately for men and women. Global strategy for "health for al" has laid down a minimum life expectation of 65 years by the year 2000AD.

General fertility rate (GFR):

• The number of live births per 1,000 women in the reproductive age range (15 to 49 years) in a particular year at a specific location is known as the general fertility rate (GFR).
• GER= No.of live-birthg in an area during lhe y theta ar Midyearfemalepopulatonage * 15 * 49inmesarneyear * 1000-)

Total fertility rate (TFR):

• TFR stands for the maximum number of children a woman can have in her lifetime.
• Calculation of TFR:
  • It can be calculated by summing up the ASFR for all ages; if 5 years age group are used, the sum of the rate is multiplied by 5 and divided the number by 1000.
• Formula:
  • TFR = (Sum of Age sum of ASFR * 5age interval)/1000

Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR):

• The CPR measures the proportion of married women of reproductive age who are currently using a modern form of contraception.
• CPR = (NumberofcurrentusersofmodernFPmethod)/(Marriedwomenofreproductiveage) * 100