Typhoid Fever

Subject: Community Health Nursing II

Overview

Typhoid fever, usually known simply as typhoid, is caused by a bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella variety. which can range from mild to severe and often appear six to thirty days after exposure A high fever usually develops gradually over several days. Weakness and headaches are prevalent, as are abdominal pain and headaches. Diarrhea is infrequent, and vomiting is usually mild. Some people get a skin rash with rose-colored patches. In extreme cases, there may be disorientation. Symptoms can persist weeks or months without treatment. When correctly treated, typhoid fever is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin have been widely used in microbiology to treat typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever, usually known simply as typhoid, is caused by a bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella variety. which can range from mild to severe and often appear six to thirty days after exposure Often, a high temperature develops gradually over several days. Weakness and headaches are prevalent, as are abdominal pain and headaches. Diarrhea is rare, and vomiting is rarely severe. Some patients get a rash with rose-colored patches on their skin. Confusion may occur in severe cases. Symptoms may linger for weeks or months if not treated. Other people may carry the bacterium without becoming ill, but they can still spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever, like paratyphoid fever, is an enteric fever.

Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enteric serotype typhi, is the cause, and it grows in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread through eating or drinking food or water contaminated with an infected person's excrement. Poor sanitation and hygiene are risk factors. Travelers to underdeveloped countries are also at risk, because only humans may become infected. Diagnosis is accomplished by either culture of the bacteria or detection of the bacterium's DNA in blood, feces, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium might be challenging. The most precise method is bone marrow testing. The symptoms are comparable to those of many other infectious disorders. Typhus is a distinct illness.

PHC Issue

In the 1960s, the rediscovery of oral rehydration therapy gave a straightforward technique to avoid many fatalities from diarrheal disorders in general.

Where resistance is infrequent, a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin is the treatment of choice.

Otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is your best bet. Cefixime is an effective oral substitute.

Most instances of typhoid fever are not lethal if appropriately handled.

In microbiology, antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin have been widely used to treat typhoid fever. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to roughly 1%.

Typhoid fever can last for three weeks to a month if left untreated. Untreated cases result in death in 10% to 30% of cases.

REFERENCE

Ambika Rai, Kabita Dahal. Community Health Nursing II. Kathmandu: Makalu Publication House, 2012 (reprint).

Dr.Suwal S.N. & Tuitui R. (2063) A Textbook of Community Health Nursing, 1st edition, Vidyarthi Prakashan (P). Ltd. Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu

Medscape. 1994. 2017 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231135-overview

NHS Choice. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Typhoid-fever/Pages/Symptoms.aspx

Tuitui, Roshani. Community Health Nursing. Kathmandu: Vidyarthi Prakashan (P.)

Web MD. 2005. 2017 http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/typhoid-fever#1
Things to remember
  • Typhoid fever, usually known simply as typhoid, is caused by a bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella variety. which can range from mild to severe and often appear six to thirty days after exposure
  • Often, high fever develops gradually over several days.
  • Weakness, stomach discomfort, constipation, and headaches are all frequent side effects.
  • Typhoid fever, like paratyphoid fever, is an intestinal fever.
  • The bacterium Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enteric serotype typhi, which grows in the intestines and blood, is the cause.
  • Typhoid is spread through eating or drinking food or water contaminated with an infected person's excrement.
  • Poor sanitation and hygiene are risk factors.
  • Typhoid fever can last for three weeks to a month if left untreated.
Questions and Answers

Salmonella typhimurium, the bacterial infection that results in typhoid fever, is what gives rise to the symptom. which often start six to thirty days after exposure and range in severity from mild to severe. A high temperature frequently develops gradually over a few days. Constipation, headaches, weakness, and abdominal discomfort are also frequently experienced. Vomiting is typically not severe, and diarrhea is rare. Some people get a skin rash with pink dots on it. In severe circumstances, confusion could occur. If left untreated, symptoms could linger for weeks or even months. Even if they are unaffected by the disease, other people who carry the bacterium can still transmit it to others. Along with paratyphoid fever, typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever.

The Salmonella typhi bacterium, also known as Salmonella entericaserotype typhi, which grows in the blood and intestines, is the reason. Eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person spreads typhoid. Poor hygiene and sanitation are risk factors. Only humans may become infected, thus those who visit impoverished nations run the danger of contracting the disease. The bacteria are either cultured or their DNA is found in the blood, feces, or bone marrow to make a diagnosis. The bacterium might be challenging to cultivate. The most accurate test is a bone marrow test. The symptoms of many other infectious diseases are similar. Typhus is a distinct illness.

PHC Issue

  • A straightforward method to stop many fatalities from diarrheal disorders in general was made available with the rediscovery of oral rehydration therapy in the 1960s.
  • A fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin is the drug of choice when resistance is rare.
  • If not, a third-generation cephalosporin such ceftriaxone or cefotaxime should be used. Cefixime is a good oral substitute.
  • When appropriately treated, typhoid illness seldom results in death.
  • In the field of microbiology, antibiotics like ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin have been used frequently to treat typhoid fever. Antibiotic therapy lowers the case-fatality rate of the illness to roughly 1%.
  • Typhoid fever can linger for three weeks to a month if left untreated. 10% to 30% of untreated patients result in death.

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