Bone and Muscle Tumor

Muscle Tumor

Muscle tumor: an abnormal growth of tissue that originates in or is found in muscle tissue. Muscle tissue may develop tumors or have them spread there. Leiomyomas, rhabdomyomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas are the three main categories of muscle tumors.

• leiomyoma
  • Is a benign smooth muscle tumor (such as those in the walls of the intestines and of blood vessels). Most typically, it is seen in the uterus. Additionally, leiomyomas can develop in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, alimentary canal, bladder, and ureters. The tumor is easy to remove since it is firm or rubbery. Even though a portion of the tumor may develop into cancer, it often does not spread or come back after being removed.
• Rhabdomyoma
  • Is an uncommon, typically benign tumor of muscles that have stripes. It usually happens in the heart. The uterus, the bladder, the prostate, the esophagus, the digestive tract, and the kidneys are just a few of the organs where this tumor might metastasize (spread to other parts of the body). The soft tumor might appear as polyps, nodes, flat lumps, or rounded clusters. Heart rhabdomyomas develop in the heart's wall and may project into the cavities. Both the smooth and the striated muscles are frequently involved in rhabdomyomas that affect other body areas. Many of these mixed tumors have a high chance of being cancerous and have the potential to become very large. Large, polyp-shaped lumps emerge from the uterus, vagina, or prostate when this form of tumor develops in any of these organs. They may infect nearby pelvic tissue and restrict the bladder in the prostate.
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Is a tumor that develops in the skeletal muscles and is malignant. The leg or arm muscles are where this sort of tumor is most commonly found. Even after the afflicted extremity has been amputated, a rhabdomyosarcoma may return. A slowly expanding mass, which most frequently manifests in the fifth or sixth decade of life and has typically been growing for at least ten years before being discovered, may be the only symptom.

Bone Tumor

A bone tumor is an abnormal proliferation of bone cells that may be cancerous or non-cancerous (malignant). There are benign (not malignant) tumors. Although benign bone tumors are unlikely to be fatal and won't spread to other regions of the body, they can still be hazardous and may need to be treated. Easily growing benign tumors have the potential to crush your healthy bone tissue.

Other tumors are malignant, or cancerous, in nature. The body can contract cancer as a result of malignant bone tumors.

Types of Benign Bone Tumors

• Osteochondromas
  • Malignant tumors are less frequent than benign ones. A benign bone tumor called an osteochondroma is the most prevalent kind, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Between 35 and 40% of all benign bone tumors are of this type. Adolescents and teenagers are prone to osteochondromas developing.
  • These tumors develop close to the extremities of long bones, such as the arm or leg bones, that are actively growing. Particularly, these tumors frequently affect the higher end of the upper arm bone, the upper end of the lower leg bone, and the lower end of the thighbone (femur) (humerus).
  • Bone and cartilage make up these malignancies. Osteochondroma has been regarded as a growth anomaly. Any number of osteochondromas can form in a youngster.
• Nonossifying Fibroma Unicameral
  • Simple single bone cyst known as a nonossifying fibroma has only one horn. It is the sole genuine bone cyst. Most frequently affecting children and adolescents, it is typically located in the leg.
• Giant Cell Tumors
  • Giant cell cancers spread quickly. They are situated in the rounded end of the bone rather than the growth plate and only affect adults. These tumors are very uncommon.
• Enchondroma
  • A cartilage cyst known as an enchondroma develops inside the bone marrow. When they do, they start in kids and last until adulthood. They frequently belong to the Ollier's and Mafucci's syndromes. The long bones of the arm and thigh, as well as the hands and feet, can develop enchondromas.
• Fibrous Dysplasia
  • A gene mutation called fibrous dysplasia makes bones fibrous and brittle.
• Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
  • A blood vessel abnormality called an aneurysmal bone cyst starts in the bone marrow. It has a quick growth rate and because it disrupts growth plates, it can be extremely harmful.

Types of Malignant Bone Tumors

Malignant bone tumors can also result from a variety of cancer forms. Primary bone cancer is a type of cancer that has its roots in the bones. Primary bone cancer makes up less than 1% of all cancers, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Osteosarcoma, tumors belonging to the Ewing sarcoma family, and chondrosarcoma are the three primary bone malignancies that occur most frequently.

• Osteosarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma is the second most prevalent type of bone cancer, usually affecting children and teenagers. This typically manifests at the knee, shoulder, or hip. This tumor tends to spread to other areas of the body and grows quickly. Growth plates, the lower end of the thighbone, and the upper end of the lower leg bone are the three locations where this tumor spreads most frequently. Osteogenic sarcoma is another name for osteosarcoma.
• Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFTs)
  • The ESFTs, or Ewing sarcoma family of tumors, typically afflict young adults and teenagers, although they can also sometimes impact children as young as 5 years old. This particular type of bone cancer typically manifests itself in the head, pelvis, backbone, ribs, upper arms, and legs (long bones). It starts in the bone cavities where the bone marrow is made (the medullary cavities). ESFTs can flourish in soft tissue, including fat, muscle, and blood vessels, in addition to bone. African-American children relatively seldom acquire ESFTs, according to the NCI. Boys are more prone than girls to develop ESFTs. ESFTs multiply and spread quickly.
• Chondrosarcoma
  • Compared to other age groups, middle-aged and older adults are more likely to develop chondrosarcoma. Typically, the hips, shoulders, and pelvis are where this type of bone cancer starts.

Secondary Bone Cancer

"Secondary bone cancer" refers to cancer that first developed elsewhere in the body and later progressed to the bones. Older folks are generally affected. Cancers that are most likely to spread to your bones include

• kidney.
• Breast.
• Prostate.
• Lung (particularly osteosarcoma).
• Thyroid gland.

Multiple Myeloma

Known as multiple myelomas, this form of secondary bone cancer is the most prevalent. Tumors in the bone marrow are the result of this. Older persons are most frequently affected with multiple myelomas.

Causes

• Unknown.
• Genetic mutation inherited.
• Radiation.
• Trauma.

Sign and Symptoms

• Bone fracture, particularly fractures resulting from minor trauma
• At night, bone discomfort could be more severe.
• On rare occasions, the tumor site can feel swollen and massed.

Diagnostic Test

• Blood phosphate of alkalinity.
• A bone biopsy
• Bone scanning
• MRI of the bone and its environs.
• A bone's X-ray.

Treatment

• Treatment for Benign Bone Tumors
  • A benign tumor may or may not need treatment. Occasionally, benign bone tumors can simply be watched to determine if they change over time. This necessitates frequent visits for further X-rays. Bone tumors may develop, remain unchanged, or eventually go away. As they grow older, bone tumors are more likely to vanish in children.
  • It may occasionally spread or develop into cancerous tumors. A benign tumor may be surgically removed because bone tumors can also cause fractures.
• Treatment for Malignant Bone Tumors
  • If a tumor is cancerous, you will carefully collaborate with a medical staff to treat it. Although malignant tumors are concerning, the prognosis is getting better as treatments are created and enhanced.
  • The sort of bone cancer you have and whether it has spread will determine your course of treatment. The term "localized stage" refers to the presence of cancer cells that are restricted to the tumor and its immediate vicinity. Cancerous cells have already metastasized, or spread to different areas of the body. This makes treating cancer more challenging.
  • The three basic methods for treating cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Surgery

• Surgery is typically used to treat bone cancer. The entire tumor is taken out. To ensure that no cancer cells remain following surgery, the surgeon meticulously inspects the tumor's margins. Your doctor might perform limb salvage surgery if the bone cancer is in an arm or leg. This indicates that your tendons, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves are unaffected as the malignant cells are eliminated. The malignant bone will be replaced by a metal implant by your surgeon. Chemotherapy improvements have significantly increased survival and recovery. Ongoing medication introductions are taking place.
• Surgery methods have advanced significantly, increasing the likelihood that doctors will be able to save your limbs. However, in order to keep as much limb function as possible, you might require reconstructive surgery.
  • Radiation Therapy
    • Surgery is frequently performed in conjunction with radiation. Before surgery, tumors are reduced in size and cancer cells are eliminated using high-dose X-rays. Additionally, radiation can lessen discomfort and the possibility of bone fractures.
  • Chemotherapy
    • Chemotherapy may be suggested if your doctor believes that your cancer cells are likely to spread or if they have already done so. To stop the cancer cells from spreading quickly, this therapy employs anticancer medications.

The Side Effects of Chemotherapy Include

• Nausea.
• Irritability.
• Hair fall
• Extreme tiredness
  • Cryosurgery
    • The option of cryosurgery is another. Using liquid nitrogen to freeze cancer cells will destroy them during this treatment. Liquid nitrogen or argon gas is injected into the tumor through a hollow tube. Cryosurgery can sometimes be used to treat bone cancers instead of traditional surgery.

References

• books.google.com/books?isbn=1615301011
• britannica.com/science/muscle-tumor
• books.google.com/books?isbn=0199755329
• documents.tips › Documents
• itservicesthatworkforyou.com/news/treatment-for-malignant-tumors/
• Mandal, G. (August 2013). A Textbook of Adult Health Nursing (2nd ed.). Dilllibazar kathmandu: Makalu publication house. Retrieved August 2013
• vi.scribd.com/doc/146865846/Bone-and-Muscle-Structure-Force-and-Motion
• webmd.com/cancer/bone-tumors