Hodgkin disease

Hodgkin disease

An instance of lymphoma, a blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, is Hodgkin's disease (HD). The immune system is assisted in removing waste and battling infections via the lymphatic system.

There are two peaks in the disease's incidence: the first occurs in young adults (ages 15 to 35), and the second occurs in people over 55. It was given that name in honor of English doctor Thomas Hodgkin, who in 1832 first identified anomalies in the lymphatic system.

Causes

• Unknown
• Virus: Epstein-Barr virus, herpes virus
• Immunodeficiency disorders

Classification

• Lymphocytic predominance
• Nodular sclerosis
• Mixed cellularity
• Lymphocytic depletion

Stages

• Stage I is defined as involvement of a single additional lymphatic site or lymph node region (often the cervical region).
• Stage II is defined as the involvement of one lymph node region and a contiguous extra lymphatic site, or two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm.
• Stage III is characterized by involvement of the spleen and/or a small, contiguous extra-lymphatic organ or location, as well as lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm.
• Disseminated involvement of one or more extra lymphatic organs characterizes stage IV.

Pathophysiology

The most typical tissue in which Hodgkin's disease is diagnosed is lymph nodes. The proliferation of lymphoid cells causes a varied destruction of the natural architecture. Although the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease is made easier by identifying the distinctive "Reed-Steinberg" cell, which is a huge multinucleated giant cell with copious cytoplasm and perhaps multiple or multi-lobed nuclei.

Signs and symptoms

• night sweats
• itchy skin
• fever
• fatigue
• unintended weight loss
• persistent cough
• pain in the lymph nodes following alcohol consumption
• enlarged spleen

Diagnosis

• Performing a physical exam and taking a history
• Chest x-ray
• CT scan
• Bone marrow biopsy

Treatment

• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• MOPP

Nursing considerations

• Perform a thorough physical examination and history gathering.
• With a thorough description of each test or operation, prepare the family for a diagnostic or surgical procedure.
• Treatments and side effects should be explained, including the causes of reactions to chemotherapy and radiotherapy including nausea, vomiting, changes in one's body image, neuropathy, and mucosal ulcers, among others.
• Advice for parents on topics such as how to care for their child while they are in the hospital and at home, how a condition is treated, how to minimize its negative effects, how to follow up, and how to eat well.
• Quickly keep an eye on the vital signs.
• Perform pain management procedures and look for pain signs and symptoms.
• Follow the medication instructions exactly.
• The patient must be educated on proper nutrition as well as daily routines like exercise and self-care.
• Acute leukemias, growth retardation, and other adverse effects must be identified early and avoided. If adverse effects are noticed, they must be promptly handled.
• Parental education is really crucial, just as

                 Continuity and its significance

                         A. Nutrition

                        B. Hygiene

                       C  Prognosis

Prognosis

More than 90% of Hodgkin's disease cases are cured if the diagnosis is made early.